• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.111-111
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• 2001

The relationship between selenium and signal molecules is not well elucidated yet. It was found that physiological concentration of selenite, less than 3 $\mu$M, reduced ASKl activity and induced of PI3-Kinase/Akt pathways in HT1080 cells. Duration of these signal molecules by selenite was much longer than that by growth factors and other stresses. The longer duration time of these signal molecules may be important to maintain normal functions against stresses.(omitted)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.226-233
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• 2007

Members of Methylobacterium, referred as pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria, are frequently associated with terrestrial and aquatic plants, tending to form aggregates on the phyllosphere. We report here that the production of autoinducer molecules involved in the cell-to-cell signaling process, which is known as quorum sensing, is common among Methylobacterium species. Several strains of Methylobacterium were tested for their ability to produce N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signal molecules using different indicators. Most strains of Methylobacterium tested could elicit a positive response in Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring lacZ fused to a gene that is regulated by autoinduction. The synthesis of these compounds was cell-density dependent, and the maximal activity was reached during the late exponential to stationary phases. The bacterial extracts were separated by thin-layer chromatography and bioassayed with A. tumefaciens NTI (traR, tra::lacZ749). They revealed the production of various patterns of the signal molecules, which are strain dependent. At least two signal molecules could be detected in most of the strains tested, and comparison of their relative mobilities suggested that they are homologs of N-octanoyl-$_{DL}$-homoserine lactone ($C_8-HSL$) and N-decanoyl-$_{DL}$-homoserine lactone ($C_{10}-HSL$).

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 1996.10b
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• pp.18-28
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• 1996

The outer-most electrons of metal atoms and the remaining valence electrons of any molecular atoms make three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings. The rotating electrons on the three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bonding orbitals of atoms make $\pi$-far infrared rays. Longitudinal wave is a propagation of a bundle of $\pi$-far infrared rays, which are produced by a dynamic impact on a solid bar. The $\pi$-far infrared rays make three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings in the material, which reproduce the same $\pi$-far infrared rays. If a current signal is input into water molecules under a given electric potential field with $\pi$-far infrared rays (input information), the signal can be amplified because the $\pi$-far infrared rays make the $\pi$-bondings, which reduce electric resistance. The three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings can induce normal electrons to move from one orbital to next one with a aid of potential electric field. Quantum Resonance Spectrometer is composed of tesla coil absorbing $\pi$-far infrared rays, tesla coil emitting varying electromagnetic waves signal generator, signal storage, human body amplifier, signal analyzer and data indicator. The absorbing tesla coil making varying magnetic field and downward and upward electric field, which resonates the $\pi$-far infrared rays coming out from specimen and absorbs them. The modulated current signal from the input square signal can generate and emit varying electromagnetic waves from the tesla coil. The varying electro-magnetic waves make the three-dimensional crystallizing $\pi$-bondings and the $\pi$-far infrared rays in the water molecules.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.109-126
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• 1999

The location of Cu(II) exchanged into measoporous aluminosilicate MCM-41(AlMCM-41) material and its interaction with various adsorbate molecules were investigated by electron spin resonance and electron spin echo modulation spectroscopies. Cu(II) is fully coordinated to adsorbates in a wide open mesopore of AlMCM-41 for the formation of favorable complexes. It was found that in the fresh hydrated material, Cu(II) is octahedrally coordinated to six water molecules as evidenced by an isotropic room temperature ESR signal. This species is located in a cylindrical MCM-41 channel and rotates rapidly at room temperature. Evacuation at room temperature removes some of these water molecules, leaving the Cu(II) coordinated to less water molecules and anchored to oxygens in an MCM-41 channel wall. Dehydration at 450$^{\circ}C$ produces one Cu(II) species located on the internal wall of a channel, which is easily accessible to adsorbates. Adsorption of adsorbate molecules such as water, methanol, ammonia, pyridine, aniline, acetonitrile, benzene, and ethylene on a dehydrated Cu-AlMCM-41 material causes changes in the ESR spectrum of Cu(II), indicating the complex formation with these adsorbates. Cu(II) forms a complex with six molecules of methanol as evidenced by an isotropic room temperature ESR signal and ESEM analysis like upon water adsorption. Cu(II) also forms a square planar complex containing four molecules of N-containing adsorbates such as ammonia, pyridine and aniline based on resolved nitrogen superhyperfine interaction and their ESR parameters. However, Cu(II) forms a complex with six-molecules of acetonitrile based on ESR parameters. Only one molecule of benzene or ethylene is coordinated to Cu(II).

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.503-513
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• 2008

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a sensory organ that influences social and/or reproductive behavior and, in many cases, the survival of an organism. The VNO is believed to mediate responses to pheromones; however, many mechanisms of signal transduction in the VNO remain elusive. Here, we examined the expression of proteins involved in signal transduction that are found in the main olfactory system in the VNO. The localization of many signaling molecules in the VNO is quite different from those in the main olfactory system, suggesting differences in signal transduction mechanisms between these two chemosensory organs. Various signaling molecules are expressed in distinct areas of VNO sensory epithelium. Interestingly, we found the expressions of groups of these signaling molecules in glandular tissues adjacent to VNO, supporting the physiological significance of these glandular tissues. Our finding of high expression of signaling proteins in glandular tissues suggests that neurohumoral factors influence glandular tissues to modulate signaling cascades that in turn alter the responses of the VNO to hormonal status.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 2008

Cross-polarization (CP) signals were observed even from liquid samples such as neat toluene. Therefore, CP signals of liquid molecules in the presence of high surface materials do not necessarily mean the molecules are adsorbed on solid surface, especially when no signal from the tertiary observing nuclei such as carbons of the molecules is detected.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.9791-9795
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• 2014

To study the gene expression change and possible signal pathway during androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) becoming androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC), an LNCaP cell model of AIPC was established using flutamide in combination with androgen-free environment inducement, and differential expression genes were screened by microarray. Then the biological process, molecular function and KEGG pathway of differential expression genes are analyzed by Molecule Annotation System (MAS). By comparison of 12,207 expression genes, 347 expression genes were acquired, of which 156 were up-ragulated and 191 down-regulated. After analyzing the biological process and molecule function of differential expression genes, these genes are found to play crucial roles in cell proliferation, differntiation, cell cycle control, protein metabolism and modification and other biological process, serve as signal molecules, enzymes, peptide hormones, cytokines, cytoskeletal proteins and adhesion molecules. The analysis of KEGG show that the relevant genes of AIPC transformation participate in glutathione metabolism, cell cycle, P53 signal pathway, cytochrome P450 metabolism, Hedgehog signal pathway, MAPK signal pathway, adipocytokines signal pathway, PPAR signal pathway, TGF-${\beta}$ signal pathway and JAK-STAT signal pathway. In conclusion, during the process of ADPC becoming AIPC, it is not only one specific gene or pathway, but multiple genes and pathways that change. The findings above lay the foundation for study of AIPC mechanism and development of AIPC targeting drugs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2021

Several studies have previously reported that exposure to stress provokes behavioral changes, including antinociception, in rodents. In the present study, we studied the effect of acute cold-water (4℃) swimming stress (CWSS) on nociception and the possible changes in several signal molecules in male ICR mice. Here, we show that 3 min of CWSS was sufficient to produce antinociception in tail-flick, hot-plate, von-Frey, writhing, and formalin-induced pain models. Significantly, CWSS strongly reduced nociceptive behavior in the first phase, but not in the second phase, of the formalin-induced pain model. We further examined some signal molecules' expressions in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord to delineate the possible molecular mechanism involved in the antinociceptive effect under CWSS. CWSS reduced p-ERK, p-AMPKα1, p-AMPKα2, p-Tyk2, and p-STAT3 expression both in the spinal cord and DRG. However, the phosphorylation of mTOR was activated after CWSS in the spinal cord and DRG. Moreover, p-JNK and p-CREB activation were significantly increased by CWSS in the spinal cord, whereas CWSS alleviated JNK and CREB phosphorylation levels in DRG. Our results suggest that the antinociception induced by CWSS may be mediated by several molecules, such as ERK, JNK, CREB, AMPKα1, AMPKα2, mTOR, Tyk2, and STAT3 located in the spinal cord and DRG.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2008

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen, causing a wide variety of infections including cystic fibrosis, microbial keratitis, and burn wound infections. The cell-to-cell signaling mechanism known as quorum sensing (QS) plays a key role in these infections and the QS systems of P. aeruginosa have been most intensively studied. While many literatures that introduce the QS systems of P. aeruginosa have mostly focused on two major acyl-homo serine lactone (acyl-HSL) QS signals, N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone (3OC12) and N-butanoyl homoserine lactone (C4), several new signal molecules have been discovered and suggested for their significant roles in signaling and virulence of P. aeruginosa. One of them is PQS (Pseudomonas quinolone signal; 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone), which is now considered as a well-characterized major signal meolecule of P. aeruginosa. In addition, recent researches have also suggested some more putative signal molecules of P. aeruginosa, which are diketopiperazines (DKPs) and pyocyanin. DKPs are cyclic dipeptides and structurally diverse depending on what amino acids are involved in composition. Some DKPs from the culture supernatant of P. aeruginosa are suggested as new diffusible signal molecules, based on their ability to activate Vibrio fischeri LuxR biosensors that are previously considered specific for acyl-HSLs. Pyocyanin (1-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenazine), one of phenazine derivatives produced by P. aeruginosa is a characteristic blue-green pigment and redox-active compound. This has been recently suggested as a terminal signaling factor to upregulate some QS-controlled genes during stationary phase under the mediation of a transcription factor, SoxR. Here, details about these newly emerging signaling molecules of P. aeruginosa are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.126-140
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• 1997

Mesoporous MCM-41 gallosilicate material was synthesized through shifting through shifting gallosilicate polymer equilibrium towards a MCM-41 phase by addition of acid. The location of Cu(II) exchanged into MCM-41 and its interaction with various adsorbate molecules were investigated by electron spin responance and electron spin echo modulation spectroscopies. It was found that in the fresh hydrated material, Cu(II) is octahedrally coordinated to six water molecules. This species is located in a cylindrical channel and rotates rapidly at room temperature. Evacuation at room temperature removes three of these water molecules, leaving the Cu (II) coordinated to three water molecules and anchored to oxygens in the channel wall. Dehydration at 45$0^{\circ}C$ produces one Cu (II) species located in the inner surface of a channel as evidenced by broadening of its ESR lines by oxygen. Adsorption of polar molecules such as water, methanol and ammonia on dehydrated CuNa-MCM-41 gallosilicate material causes changes in the ESR spectrum of Cu (II), indicating the complex formation with these adsorbates. Cu (II) forms a complex with six molecules of methanol as evidenced by an isotropic room temperature ESR signal and ESEM data like upon water adsorption. Cu(II) also forms a complex containing four molecules of ammonia based on resolved nitrogen superhyperfine interaction.