• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.3-15
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to propose a methodology for operating variable speed limit (VSL) strategies in freeway work zones. A notable feature in this study is to incorporate a multi-criteria decision making process into deriving better VSL strategies. Decision criteria in this study include operational efficiency, safety, and environmental impacts. Travel speed, acceleration noise, and CO2 were used as performance measures for evaluating VSL strategies. A multi-criteria value function was developed through an analytical hierarchical process (AHP) for representing expert's knowledge. Then, a variety of VSL operations scenarios were investigated utilizing a microscopic traffic simulation suite, VISSIM. The proposed methodology would be useful in supporting more efficient, safer, and more environment-friendly traffic operations and control in freeway work zones.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.109-115
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• 2021

Objectives : 'Johyun' yulmoo which is a new variety of Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen Stapf sprout was developed and registered by Rural development administration in 2004. This variety was derived from the cross between single cross of Suwon-6 and Okayama and UCN300-25 as F1. It is characterized by early maturity, short plant height, a strong resistance, and a superior yield and is suitable for the central and northern regions. Accordingly, we were performed and evaluated single oral dose toxicity test of 'Johyun' yulmoo sprout (JYS) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods : Single oral dose toxicity test was performed using with male and female rats. Rats were divided into two groups: Group 1, vehicle-treated rats (Control); Group 2, JYS 5000 mg/kg-treated rats. JYS was orally administered to male and female rats at dose levels of 5000 mg/kg. Animals were monitored on the mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, and necropsy findings for 14 days. groups : Group 1, vehicle-treated rats (Control); Group 2, JYS 5000 mg/kg-treated rats. JYS was orally administered to male and female rats at dose levels of 5000 mg/kg. Animals were monitored on the mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, and necropsy findings for 14 days. Results : After oral treatment of JYS, we could not find any mortality at 5000 mg/kg. Compared with the control group, there were also no significant differences in clinical sign, weight changes, weight gain, and gross abnormalities in JYS 5000 mg/kg-treated group. Conclusions : Taken together, these results suggest that approximate lethal dose of JYS was considered as over 5000 mg/kg. Results from this study provide scientific evidence for the safety of JYS. Moreover, this study could be used as a basis for dose-setting data of the repeated dose 13-week oral toxicity test of JYS.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.55
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• pp.193-237
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• 2018

The recent surge in the ISD lawsuit filed against the Korean government is likely to cause major domestic confusion. This is because in most cases, foreign investors have claimed billions of won in damages filed against Korea in the ISD lawsuit. Public opinion will be generated to abolish the ISD lawsuit system, which is included in the international investment agreement, when a decision comes out in the Elliott/Mason case or Lone Star case, which has already been completed by the hearing. It is clear that the ISD clause, which is commonly included in most of the BITs, FTAs, can be a limiting factor in the government's public policy, as shown by many investment disputes. However, it is not necessary to have a negative view of the ISD clause itself, given that it is a system that can protect Korean investors from illegal and inappropriate actions by local governments. Since Korea already allows the system of ISD lawsuits with many countries through FTAs and BITs, and negotiations are underway to sign FTAs with new countries, the possibility that foreign investors will refer to the ISD proceeding further to our government's public policy will increase. In order to prepare for an ISD lawsuit, the Korean government has launched a response team consisting of government practitioners, private scholars, and legal professionals in the central government ministries to review major legal issues that are controversial in the cases of the ISD. In particular, local governments and public institutions, which fail to recognize the importance of international investment regulations and ISD clause, need to share and train relevant information so that all processes for public policy planning and implementation comply with international investment rules such as BITs and FTAs.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.155-166
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• 2000

When the marcher visited Korea in fall 1994, he was shocked to see high rise apartment buildings around the capitol region including Seoul and Suwon, resulting from rising demand of housing because of urban migration followed by second and third industrial development. After 6 years in March 2000, the researcher witnessed more apartment buildings and vinyl house complexes, one of the evidences of continued economic progress in Korea. Korea had to receive the rescue finance from International Monetary Fund (IMF) because of financial crisis in 1997. However, the sign of recovery was seen in a year, and the growth rate of Gross Domestic Products (GDP) in 1999 recorded as high as 10.7 percent. During this period, the Korean government has been working on restructuring of banks, enterprises, labour and public sectors. The major directions of government were; localization, reducing administrative manpower, limiting agricultural budgets, privatization of public enterprises, integration of agricultural organization, and easing of various regulations. Thus, the power of central government shifted to local government resulting in a power increase for city mayors and county chiefs. Agricultural extension services was one of targets of government restructuring, transferred to local governments from central government. At the same time, the number of extension offices was reduced by 64 percent, extension personnel reduced by 24 percent, and extension budgets reduced. During the process of restructuring, the basic direction of extension services was set by central Rural Development Administration Personnel management, technology development and supports were transferred to provincial Rural Development Administrations, and operational responsibilities transferred to city/county governments. Agricultural extension services at the local levels changed the name to Agricultural Technology Extension Center, established under jurisdiction of city mayor or county chief. The function of technology development works were added, at the same time reducing the number of educators for agriculture and rural life. As a result of observations of rural areas and agricultural extension services at various levels, functional responsibilities of extension were not well recognized throughout the central, provincial, and local levels. Central agricultural extension services should be more concerned about effective rural development by monitoring provincial and local level extension activities more throughly. At county level extension services, it may be desirable to add a research function to reflect local agricultural technological needs. Sometimes, adding administrative tasks for extension educators may be helpful far farmers. However, tasks such as inspection and investigation should be avoided, since it may hinder the effectiveness of extension educational activities. It appeared that major contents of the agricultural extension service in Korea were focused on saving agricultural materials, developing new agricultural technology, enhancing agricultural export, increasing production and establishing market oriented farming. However these kinds of efforts may lead to non-sustainable agriculture. It would be better to put more emphasis on sustainable agriculture in the future. Agricultural extension methods in Korea may be better classified into two approaches or functions; consultation function for advanced farmers and technology transfer or educational function for small farmers. Advanced farmers were more interested in technology and management information, while small farmers were more concerned about information for farm management directions and timely diffusion of agricultural technology information. Agricultural extension service should put more emphasis on small farmer groups and active participation of farmers in these groups. Providing information and moderate advice in selecting alternatives should be the major activities for consultation for advanced farmers, while problem solving processes may be the major educational function for small farmers. Systems such as internet and e-mail should be utilized for functions of information exchange. These activities may not be an easy task for decreased numbers of extension educators along with increased administrative tasks. It may be difficult to practice a one-to-one approach However group guidance may improve the task to a certain degree.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.558-567
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• 2003

The regional dependency of cloud-radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere is studied using ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment), ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) and NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis data for 60 months from January 1985 to December 1989 over tropical ocean. In the interannual time scale, the dependency of cloud-radiative forcing on the sea surface temperature over the equatorial eastern Pacific ocean is about 7.4Wm$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$ for longwave radiation and about -4.4Wm$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$ for shortwave radiation, respectively. This shows that the net cloud-radiative forcing due to the increase of sea surface temperature over the equatorial eastern Pacific ocean heats the atmosphere. But the dependency is reversed over tropical oceans with -3.4Wm$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$ for longwave and 1.9WmWm$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$ for shortwave radiation, indicating that the net cloud-radiative forcing cools the atmosphere over tropical oceans. In raw data including seasonal cycle, the dependency of cloud-radiative forcing over the equatorial eastern Pacific ocean is very similar to that in interannual time scale in both the magnitude and the sign. But the dependency of cloud-radiative forcing on the sea surface temperature over tropical oceans is about 0.2Wm$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$ for longwave and 2.7Wm$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$ for shortwave radiation, respectively. These results represent that the role of seasonal cycle on the cloud radiative forcing is gradually more important than role of interannual time scale as the ocean area is broadening from the tropical central Pacific to the tropical ocean.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.108-118
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• 2019

Appreciating gardens in garden show has its meaning in appreciating concepts and ideas of artists, hidden inside of garden, as formative arts, as well as the beauty of the nature. This study is aimed to understand the intension of artists in visual expression through formative media in the gardens by assessing structure of visual narrative in the space with 20 artworks among the ones presented in 2018 Taehwagang Garden Show. The formative structure is delivered as contents and forms through formative media and formative language. Thus, for analysis on the artworks, the researcher assessed expressive characteristics of the media, through visual and space language, that forms the formative structure in the contest of narrative structure expressed in the gardens and findings of the analysis are as follows. First, for intertextuality obtained through media image, most of the artworks delivered message through 'figure image.' This means, the concept is delivered as 'affinity of actual objects' through the media and associated 'meaning and meaning action' are expected. Second, the characteristics of signs to show symbolism in the gardens were categorized into 'icon'. 'index' and 'symbol'. The results showed that most of the artworks expressed common characteristics between image and meaning, using 'icon' and 'symbol'. Third, as space formation components, based on formative principles, the components of 'dominant' and 'subordinate' roles were defined as the key components for meaning delivery. Also, it was understood that 'space configuration with overlapped image' and 'space configuration with transparency' were adopted to strengthen conceptional layers. Forth, for space occupation types, there were mostly central hall type, corridor type and passage space type and for open space type, the entire space area was conceptualized, instead of certain object. The circulation line was defined in the frequency order of circular type, pass type and return type. The study on the expressive characteristics of visual narrative in garden design is meaningful as it could build base data for the method of spatial design for visual development of concepts in the future.