• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2003

To find out the relationship between pod development and cytokinin contents during reproductive stage of peanut, the cytokinin contents, trans-zeatin ribo-side (t-ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (diZR), were investigated at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after flowering (DAF). The amounts of t-ZR and diZR in cotyledon and first branch among primary branches were 3, 448 pmol/g (FW) and 4, 824 p/g (FW), respectively, which were higher than those of other branches. The t-ZR and diZR contents of lower parts on the branch from cotyledon node at 7 DAF were 579 pmol/g (FW) and 2, 028 pmol/g (FW), respectively, which were higher than those of upper parts. The cytokinin contents of reproductive organs as flowering progressed were increased at 0 and 14 DAF on branch and position of node. The cytokinin contents of upper part with pruning the lower part on the branch from cotyledon node were high 112-337% at 7 DAF and 14 DAF compared with those of the control. In case of remove the upper part of the first internode on main axis, t-ZR contents was 4.7 times higher than diZR contents at 7 DAF. The pod setting rate of flower and position on the branch from cotyledon node was closely related to the cytokinin contents during floral reproductive stage.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.364-377
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• 2022

An anatomical understanding of the atrial myocardium is crucial for surgeons and interventionists who treat atrial arrhythmias. We reviewed the anatomy of the inter-nodal and intra-atrial conduction systems. The anterior inter-nodal route (#1) arises from the sinus node and runs through the ventral wall of the atrial chambers. The major branch of route #1 approaches the atrioventricular node from the anterior aspect. Other branches of route #1 are Bachmann's bundle and a vestibular branch around the tricuspid valve. The middle inter-nodal route (#2) begins with a broad span of fibers at the sinus venarum and extends to the superior limbus of the oval fossa. The major branch of route #2 joins with the branch of route #1 at the anterior part of the atrioventricular node. The posterior inter-nodal route (#3) is at the terminal crest and gives rise to many branches at the pectinate muscles of the right atrium and then approaches the posterior atrioventricular node after joining with the vestibular branch of route #1. The branches of the left part of Bachmann's bundle and the branches of the second inter-nodal route form a thin myocardial network at the posterior wall of the left atrium. These anatomical structures could be categorized into major routes and side branches. There are 9 or more anatomical circles in the atrial chambers that could be structural sites for macro re-entry. The implications of normal and abnormal structures of the myocardium for the pathogenesis and treatment of atrial arrhythmias are discussed.

• Water for future
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.87-96
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• 1992

Hydraulic characteristics such as velocity, surface level and flow pattern in the curved channel are analyzed by model experiment, where model is scaled down by 1:20 for prototype channel containing side branch and curved section. The withdrawal of channel flow from channel is analyzed to find the effect on the curve section. The numerical scheme for shallow water equation using ADI method is verified through the comparison of hydrauric characteristics by experiment with that by numerical analysis in the side section of model channel. The comparison of numerical results with experimental data shows that velocity, surface level and flow pattern agree well for overall channel. Because fo the relative contraction of cross section in the curved section caused by rectangular system, the velocity calculated by numerical analysis is faster in curved section than that from experiment, which can be improved using finer spatial grid in curved section. The characteristics of the curved section such that the surface level is higher in the outer zone of curved section and the velocity is faster in the inner zone are well simulated by both experiment and numerical analysis. The effect of side branch reaches within the zone of the curved section.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.211-221
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• 1991

Although the existence of nerve cells which determine the activity of sympathetic nervous system in ventrolateral medulla is advocated recently, there are wide varieties on the location and function of them according to authors. Present study aimed to identify and characterize the medullospinal tract cells in rostral and caudal medulla of cats .which branch to the lateral horn of the upper thoracic spinal cord. Cats were anesthetized with ${\alpha}-chloralose$. The upper thoracic spinal cord and floor of the IVth ventricle were exposed. Medullospinal tract cells in rostral and caudal medulla were identified by anti-dromic stimulation of the intermediolateral nucleus in the upper thoracic cord and then the location and physiological characteristics of these cells were studied. A total of seventy cells in medulla had constant latency and responded to high frequency stimulation to thoracic cord. Among them fifty-six cells were identified as medullospinal tract cells either by collision with spontaneous activities or activities evoked by sciatic nerve stimulation(27/56), or by determining the refractory period (29/56). Thirty-one of these cells branched to the contralateral thoracic spinal cord, twenty-one cells to the ipsilateral side and remaining four cells branched to both sides. The conduction velocity of cells branching to the contralateral side was $29{\pm}2.9\;m/sec$ and that of cells to the ipsilateral side was $39.1{\pm}6.0\;m/sec$. When medulla was devided into two by a horizontal plane at 3 mm rostral to the obex, fifty-one among seventy cells were in the rostral medulla and nineteen were in the caudal medulla. The conduction velocities of these two groups were $21.6{\pm}1.0\;and\;33.3{\pm}3.9\;m/sec$, respectively. In this study, we confirmed the existence of two groups of medullospinal tract cells in rostral and caudal ventrolateral medulla, which branch to the lateral horn of thoracic cord and these cells have relatively few spontaneous activities and rapid conduction velocity, so we concluded that these cells are different from the previously known sympatho-related cells in ventrolateral medulla.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1030-1042
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• 2006

An experimental study has been performed to investigate the off-take phenomena at the header-feeder systems (horizontal header pipe with multiple feeder branch pipes) in a CANDU (CANadian Deuterium Uranium) reactor with the branch orientation varies ${\pm}36^{\circ}\;or\;{\pm}72^{\circ}$. In order to evaluate the applicability of the conventional correlations used in the safety analysis code, RELAP5-Mod3, the test facility is designed with the 1/2 scale of the. CANDU 6. It was found that the data set for the top, bottom and side branches are in a good agreement with the correlations used. However, for the specific angled branches, ${\pm}36^{\circ}\;and\;{\pm}72^{\circ}$, the onsets of off-take data and quality data showed large deviation with the conventional model inside RELAP5-MOD3. Furthermore, based on the uncertainty analysis, the conventional 2.5 power law needs to be modified. The present experimental data set can be useful for the construction of the general correlation considering the arbitrary branch orientation.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2004

The purpose of the present study is to investigate fluid mechanical interactions between two major abdominal aortic branches under both steady and pulsatile flow conditions. Two model branching systems are considered: two branches emerging off the same side of the aorta (model 1) and two branches emerging off the opposite sides of the aorta (model 2). At higher Reynolds numbers, the velocity profiles within the branches in model 1 are M-shaped due to the strong skewness, while the loss of momentum in model 2 due to turning effects at the first branch leads to the absence of a reversed flow region at the entrance of the second branch. The wall shear stresses are considerably higher along the anterior wall of the abdominal aorta than along the posterior wall, opposite the celiac-superior mesenteric arteries. The wall shear stresses are higher in the immediate vicinity of the daughter branches. The peak wall shear stress in model 2 is considerably lower than that in the model 1. Although quantitative comparisons of our results with the physiological data have not been possible, our results provide useful information for the localization of early atherosclerotic lesions.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2017

This paper presents the findings of experimental and numerical investigations on failure analysis and structural behavior of notched steel I-beams reinforced by bonded Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) plates under static load. To find solutions for preventing or delaying the failures, understanding the CFRP failure modes is beneficial. One non-strengthened control beam and four specimens with different deficiencies (one side and two sides) on flexural flanges in both experimental test and simulation were studied. Two additional notched beams were investigated just numerically. In the experimental test, four-point bending method with static gradual loading was employed. To simulate the specimens, ABAQUS software in full three dimensional (3D) case and non-linear analysis method was applied. The results show that the CFRP failure modes in strengthening of deficient steel I-beams include end-debonding, below point load debonding, splitting and delamination. Strengthening schedule is important to the occurrences and sequences of CFRP failure modes. Additionally, application of CFRP plates in the deficiency region prevents crack propagation and brittle failure.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.142-152
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• 2004

The liquid entrainment and vapor pull-through offtake model of RELAP5/MOD3 had been developed for SBLOCA (Small Break Loss of Coolant Accident). The RELAP5/MOD3 model for horizontal volumes accounts for the phase separation phenomena and computes the flux of mass and energy through a branch when stratified conditions occur in the horizontal pipe. In the case of CANDU reactor, this model should be used in the coolant flow of 95 feeders connected to the reactor header component under the horizontal stratification in header. The current RELAP5 model can treat the only 3 directions junctions; vertical upward, downward, and side oriented junctions, and thus improvements for the liquid entrainment and vapor pull-through model were needed for considering the exact angles. The RELAP5 off-take model was modified and generalized by considering the geometric effect of branching angles. Based on the previous experimental results, the critical height correlation was reconstructed by use of the branch line connection angle and validation analyses were also performed using SET. The new model can be applied to vertical upward, downward and angled branch, and the accuracy of the new correlations is more improved than that of RELAP5.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2024

Restraints of Branch Lines are used as earthquake-resistant support devices for fire-fighting pipes along with sway brace devices. The central types are aligned and fixed in a straight line with center of the pipe, but the eccentric types are fixed to on side of the pipe, so a bending moment occurs. In this study, three specimens each of central type and eccentric type were installed at an angle of 45° from the vertical and a monotonic compression load of 1340N was applied. All central type samples satisfied 17.8mm of the allowable displacement, but all eccentric type samples failed to meet the target load and buckled. Therefore, when considering the performance of eccentric type restraints, both compressive load and bending moment must be considered. Even through material mechanics calculations, the yield stress of eccentric type - 3/8 inch all threaded steel bolt - exceeds 320Mpa of the allowable stress. A experiment standards need to be established for eccentric type restraints.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.286-290
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• 2015

We report a case of neurilemmoma of deep peroneal nerve sensory branch that triggered sensory change with compression test on lower extremity. After resection of tumor, there are evoked thermal changes on pre- and post-operative infrared (IR) thermographic images. A 52-year-old female presented with low back pain, sciatica, and sensory change on the dorsal side of the right foot and big toe that has lasted for 9 months. She also presented with right tibial mass sized 1.2 cm by 1.4 cm. Ultrasonographic imaging revealed a peripheral nerve sheath tumor arising from the peroneal nerve. IR thermographic image showed hyperthermia when the neurilemoma induced sensory change with compression test on the fibular area, dorsum of foot, and big toe. After surgery, the symptoms and thermographic changes were relieved and disappeared. The clinical, surgical, radiographic, and thermographic perspectives regarding this case are discussed.