• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.231-245
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• 2010

The the purpose of this study was to analyze of the vegetation structure and phytosociological changes in the area adjacent to GeumJeong Mountain Fortress for fifteen years. The result of this study was as follows; Of the 8 quadrates, site of the North Gate 2 was having a highest in the number of extinct trees, 15 kinds. This is probably due to trampling effect caused by climbers' steps. Site of the West Gate 1 and South gate 1 each had 8 kinds of extinct trees, respectively. The number of newly appeared trees was highest at site of the North Gate 1, (8 kinds) followed by the sites of South gate 1 and South gate 2, respectively (5 kinds). The highest decrease in number of tree species was observed in North Gate 1, therefore, there is a strong relationship between vegetation diversity and the number of users of the available spaces. In order to revitalize the unstable vegetation structure of the Area Adjacent to GeumJeong Mountain Fortress, Robinia pseudo-acacia has to be well maintained in the shrub tree layer, and vines, such as Smilax china, Humulus japonicus, and Pueraria thungergiana, should be removed. To recover natural vegetation, dead leaf layer should be protected, and more shrub trees need to be planted. In the understory and shrub tree layer, multi layer tree planting is highly recommended to recover natural vegetation and increase tree diversity. In order to improve bad soil condition caused by trampling effect of recreational users, special treatments to the soil structure are required, such as mulching and raking soil. Also, depending on its soil damage from users trampling, the areas in the park should be divided into usable areas and user limited areas by the sabbatical year system. To improve the soil acidity due to acidic rain, soil buffering ability should be improved by activating microorganisms in the soil by using lime and organic material.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2003

This study was conducted to examine the water use efficiency (WUE) in five species of one-year-old seedlings grown in a field nursery in Mongolia. Larix sibirica and Pinus sylvestris are the most dominant coniferous species while Ulmus pumila is an important deciduous species known well-adapted in harsh conditions such as in semi-arid forests and Gobi desert regions. Caragana arborescens (Siberian pea shrub) and Hippophae rhamnoides are N-fixing shrubs in Mongolia. Thirty one-year-old seedlings were sampled from each of the five species (a total of 150 samples) and measured for net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (E). The Pn and E were used to calculate and compare the WUE of each species. Pn differed significantly among the five species (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in Pn between L. sibirica and H. rhamnoides (p > 0.05). C. arborescens showed the highest Pn whereas U. pumila did the poorest. E differed significantly among the five species (p < 0.05). L. sibirica and U. pumila showed considerably lower E than other species. Thus, WUE values of coniferous species such as L. sibirica and P. sylvestris were significantly greater than deciduous or shrub species such as U. pumila, C. arborescens and H. rhamnoides (p < 0.01). It may result that conifers showed relatively high water use efficiency than deciduous or shrub trees due to their lower transpiration rates, which resulted in morphological and physiological characteristics of their leaves. This may indicate that L. sibirica and P. sylvestris can be widely used for rehabilitation works in Mongolia attributed to their dominant distributions but also their high drought-resistance properties.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2014

본 연구는 제주도 한라산국립공원 굴거리나무 식생구조를 파악하는 것이 목적이다. 그러기 위해 영실 성판악지역을 중심으로 26개의 조사구($(20m{\times}20m)$)를 설정하고 조사하였다. 위 지역의 식생군집은 TWINSPAN을 이용한 Classification 분석과 DCA Ordination 분석을 활용하였다. 분석결과는 총 3개 군집으로 나타났다. 군집 I은 소나무-서어나무 군집, 군집 II는 서어나무-졸참나무 군집, 군집 III은 개서어나무 군집이었다. 이러한 식생구조 분석 결과, 모든 군집의 하층에서는 굴거리나무가 출현하였다. 추후 굴거리나무는 아교목층 및 관목층에서 주요종이 될 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 이러한 군집분류결과는 해발고 차이와 동반출현종에 의한 영향 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 동반출현종은 굴거리나무 생육환경과 유사한 환경에서 자라는 종이다. 동반출현종으로는 아교목층에서 때죽나무, 졸참나무 등이었고, 관목층에서는 꽝꽝나무, 주목 등이었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.151-162
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan Metropolitan City. The result of this study is summarized as follows; As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. The community planting species of tree layer were Pinus thunbergii and Quercus acutissima and Quercus dentata and Quercus serrata and Quercus alienna and Quercus variabilis. The community planting species of subtree layer were Platycarya strobilacea and Prunus sargentii and Styrax japonica and Eurya japonica and Morus bombycis. The community planting species of shrub layer are Ulmus pavifolia and Ulmus davidiana and Lindera obtusiloba and Elaeagnus macrophylla and Mallotus japonicus and Ligustrum obtusifolium and Sorbus alnifolia and Rhus trichocarpa and Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Rosa wichuraiana and Rhus chinensis and Viburnum erosum and Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron yedoense and Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And the planting species of edge vegetation are Japanese Angelica and Symplocos chinensis and Pittosporum tobira and Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lespedeza bicolor and Rubus coreanus and Rubus idaeus and Vitis thunbergii and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata and Rosa multiflora. Considering the population of individuals up to layers in each $400m^2$ area, it was composed of 24 in tree layer, 35 in subtree layer, 410 in shrub layer and 34% herb layer in the Pinus thunbergii community. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area was $10,852cm^2$ in tree layer, in subtree layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees was calculated as 2.0m in tree layer, 1.9m in subtree layer.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.80-94
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan. The result of this study is summarized as follows. As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. In community planting, as a group of canopy, there are 6 species; Pinus thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, Quercus dentata, Quercus serrata, Quercus alienna, Quercus variabilis. As a group of understory, there are 5 species; Platycarya strobilacea, Prunus sargentii, Styrax japonica, Eurya japonica, Morus bombycis. Also as a group of shrub, there were 15 kinds of species; Ulmus pavifolia, Ulmus davidiana, Lindera obtusiloba, Elaeagnus macrophylla, Mallotus japonicus, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Sorbus alnifolia, Rhus trichocarpa, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rosa wichuraiana, Rhus chinensis, Viburnum erosum, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron yedoense, Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And as a group of edge vegetation, there were 10 kinds of species; Japanese Angelica, Symplocos chinensis, Pittosporum tobira, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lespedeza bicolor, Rubus coreanus, Rubus idaeus, Vitis thunbergii, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Rosa multiflora. Vegetation restoration models of Pinus thunbergii community were calculated the units $400m^2$ for the average populations of the woody layer is 24 in canopy layer, 35 in understory layer, 410 in shrub layer, 34% herbaceous layer ground cover. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area is $10,852cm^2$ in canopy layer, in understory layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees is calculated as 2.0m in canopy layer, 1.9m in understory layer.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.523-534
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• 1998

설악산국립공원 내설악지구의 6개 주요 등산로에 대해 이용강도에 따른 등산로 및 주변 환경훼손상태를 조사하였다. 총 29.2km, 132개 지점에서 등산로 상태를 조사한 바, 등산로폭, 나지노출폭, 등산로물매 등에서 이용강도에 따른 차이가 인정되었다. 훼손유형의 출현빈도는 암석노출, 뿌리노출, 종식, 분기 등의 순으로 이들 훼손지점의 등산로상태는 건전한 지점과 뚜렷한 차이를 보였으며, 또한 각 등산로에서의 건전지점들은 훼손지점들에 비해 대체로 표고가 낮은 곳에 나타났다. 전반적으로 등산로 훼손에 미치는 이용영향은 외설악 지구 등산로에 비해 훨씬 적었다. 주연부 상층식생의 우점종은 등산로별로 달랐으며 하층식생은 계곡부에서는 조록싸리, 생각나무, 사면부에서는 철쭉꽃이 우점종이었다. 종다양도 및 주연부 하층식생의 피도는 이용강도가 낮은 오세암등산로에서 가장 높았으며, 등산로간 하층식생의 종구성은 대체로 이질적이었다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.6-24
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• 2019

We have investigated the impact of anthropogenic and natural disturbances on regeneration, composition and diversity in some temperate forests of Bhagirathi Catchment Area of Garhwal Himalaya. The forests were categorized on the basis of canopy cover and magnitude of disturbance into highly, moderately and least disturbed classes. The dominant tree species at lower elevation were Pinus roxburghii and Quercus leucotrichophora, while Abies pindrow, Q. semecarpifolia and Rhododenron arboreum were the dominant species at the upper elevational forests. Cythula tomentosa and Indegophera heterentha were the dominant shrub species present in all the forests. Similarly, Circium wallichii and Oxalis corniculata were the dominant herb species found in all forests (except Q. leucotrichophora forest), whereas Thalictrum foliolosum and Viola pilosa were noticed in each forest (except P. roxburghii forest). The tree density values oscillated between $400{\pm}10\;trees\;ha^{-1}$ to $750{\pm}89.1\;trees\;ha^{-1}$ which generally decreased from lower to higher disturbance regimes however, the total basal cover value was highest ($88.1{\pm}23.6m^2\;ha^{-1}$) in highly disturbed forest and lowest ($25.8{\pm}2.2m^2\;ha^{-1}$) in moderately disturbed forest. The shrub and herb densities were maximum in least disturbed forest, while the young regenerating individuals i.e., sapling and seedling were observed increasing from high to low disturbed forests which reflected that the forest fragmentation adversely affected the regeneration. However, A. pindrow and P. roxburghii were found invariably encroaching the habitats of R. arboreum and Q. leucotrichophora at various altitudes, respectively. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis clearly indicated that the elevation and lopping intensity have more impact on trees, while shrub and herbs were more influenced by elevation, canopy cover, light attenuation and soil erosion. Pinus roxburghii was the only species which was affected by heavy litter removal and forest fire.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.47-64
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data for the management of National Park by surveying and analysing the change of vegetation of forest fire damaged area in Sogeumgang District, Gyeongju National Park. The covergae ratio, a number of species and dominant species changed overall in forest fire damaged area. The final result of the change is as follows. In case of coverage ratio in the shrub layer, Site 1 was 30%, 40% in Site 2, 50% in Site 3, 60% in Site 4 and 30% in Site 5. In the herb layer, Site 1 was 90%, 80% in Site 2, 90% in Site 3, 60% in Site 4 and 20% in Site 5. In case of the number of species in the shrub layer, Site 1 was 11 species, 8 species in Site 2, 6 species in Site 3, 10 species in Site 4, 7 species in Site 5, and in the herb layer, Site 1 was 22 species, 25 species in Site 2, 12 species in Site 3 and Site 4 each and 11 species in Site 5. In the dominant species, the shrub layer was Lespedeza maritima(Site 1, 2), Quercus serrata(Site 3), Quercus serrata and Lespedeza bicolor(Site 4) and Styrax japonicus(Site 5), the herb layer was Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(Site 1, 3), Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum and Carex humilis var. nana(Site 2), Quercus serrata(Site 4) and Carex humilis var. nana andS tyrax japonicus(Site 5). The number of vascular plants was summarized as 91 taxa including 35 families, 69 genera, 78 species, 2 subspecies, 10 varieties and 1 form.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.323-331
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• 2018

본 연구는 도로변 선형의 가로녹지 조성이 고밀시가지 대로와 건물 사이에 조성한 보행로 및 오픈스페이스의 미세먼지 농도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 부산시 중앙대로와 부산광역시청 건물 사이에 폭 약 70m로 조성된 오픈스페이스를 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 조사결과 가로녹지가 없는 지역의 경우 주중과 주말 모두 차도와 인접한 오픈스페이스의 농도차이가 미미하였으나, 반대로 가로녹지가 조성되어 있는 지역은 차도에 비해 오픈스페이스의 농도가 현저히 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 가로녹지가 조성된 지역은 차도와 보도 모두에서 미조성지역보다 미세먼지량이 높게 나타나고 있어 차도와 건축물 사이가 넓은 공간의 경우 가로녹지의 조성이 전체적으로 도로 밖 오픈스페이스의 미세먼지농도를 높이는 효과를 보였으며, 특히 차도보다 오픈스페이스에 미치는 영향이 더 큰 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 현상은 차량에 의해 발생한 미세먼지가 빠른 바람흐름에 의해 가로변 관목림을 통과하지만 바람흐름이 줄어든 보행공간에서는 확산이 이루어지지 않아 발생하는 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구에서와 같이 넓은 오픈스페이스를 확보하고 있는 도심 도로변 지역의 경우에는 가로녹지가 오히려 바람에 의한 확산을 억제하여 하여 차량이동에 따른 부유 미세먼지를 녹지 내부에 가두어 보도를 포함한 오픈스페이스의 미세먼지 농도를 높이는 것으로 확인되었다. 도로에서 발생하는 미세먼지를 줄이기 위한 가로녹지의 조성에 있어 도로와 건물의 거리는 매우 중요하게 작용하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 1971

잣나무삼림(森林) 영급계별(令級階別)로 구분(區分)하고, 하층식생(下層植生)을 관대층(灌大層)과 관대층하(灌大層下)의 임상식물층(林床植物層)으로 구분(區分), 영급(令級)에 따른 이들의 종류조성(種類組成)을 조사(調査), 우점종(優占種)을 식별(識別)하고 구성종(構成種)의 현존량(現存量)을 측정(測定), 구성종(構成種)과 현존량(現存量)의 천이계열(遷移系列)에 있어서의 변화관계(變化關係)를 검토(檢討)했다. 1). 잣나무임하(林下)의 중요관대종(重要灌大種)은 Corylus heterophylla var. japonica이며 영급계별(令級階別) 식재림(植栽林)의 관대(灌大)의 우점종(優占種)은 아래와 같다. 5년생급계(年生級階) ; Quercus mongolica, Lespedeza Maximowiczi. 15년생급계(年生級階) ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica, Lespedeza Maximowiczi. 25년생급계(年生級階) ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica, Weigla subsesilis. 35년생급계(年生級階) ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica, Maackia amurensis. 40년생급계(年生級階) ; Corylus heterophylla var. japonica, Morus bombcis. 2). 관대(灌大)의 높이 및 밀도(密度)는 주임목(主林木)의 영급상승(令級上昇)에 따라 감소(減少)한다. 3). 관대하(灌大下)의 임상식물(林床植物)의 우점종(優占種) 주임목(主林木)의 영급(令級)에 따라 아래와 같다. 5년생급계(年生級階) ; Arundinella hirta var. cilia, Miscanthus purpurascens. 15년생급계(年生級階) ; Arundinella hirta var. ciliata, Potentilla Freyniana. 25년생급계(年生級階) ; Physematium manchuriense, Viola xanthopetala, Rubus craegifolius, Polygonatum japonicum, Aster scaber. 35년생급계(年生級階) ; Rubus crataegifolius, Vicia unijuga var. typica. 40년생급계(年生級階) ; Rubus crataegifolius, Dioscorea japonica, Viola xanthopetala. 4). 관대하(灌大下)의 임상식물(林床植物)의 현존량(現存量)은 천이계열(遷移系列)에 있어서 잣나무림(林)의 영급상승(令級上昇)에 따라 감소(減少)되고 있으며 이는 임상식물(林床植物)의 높이, 밀도(密度)의 감소(減少)에 동등(同等)히 영향(影響)을 받고 있으며 식생종류조성(植生種類組成)의 변화(變化)에도 원인(原因)한다. 5). 관대하(灌大下)의 임상식물(林床植物)의 지하부대지상부(地下部對地上部)의 현존량(現存量)의 비율(比率)은 임령(林令)의 상승(上昇)에 따라 증가(增加)하고 있다. 6). 관대하(灌大下)의 종류조성(種類組成)은 천이계열(遷移系列)에 있어서 잣나무림(林)의 영급상승(令級上昇)에 따라 양지성식물(陽地性植物)로부터 음지성식물(陰地性植物)로 변(變)해 가고 있다.