• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.267-274
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• 1996

Differential shortening of vertical members in high-rise buildings affect other structural members that have to be considered such as horizontal members and exterior cladding. of many elements which affect the total amount of shortening, different loading history mainly comes from the different construction time. Shortening of 66 story concrete columns were investigated and compared according to the different construction time, little difference was found between the total shortening of interior and that of exterior column.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.75-83
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate steady-state force depression following active muscle shortening in human tibialis anterior muscle during voluntary contractions. Subjects (n = 7; age $24{\sim}39$ years; 7 males) performed isometric reference contractions and isometric-shortening-isometric contractions, using maximal voluntary effort. Force depression was assessed by comparing the steady-state isometric torque produced following active muscle shortening with the purely isometric reference torque obtained at the corresponding joint angle. In order to test for effects of the shortening conditions on the steady-state force depression, the speed of shortening were changed systematically in a random order but balanced design. Ankle dorsiflexion torque and joint angle were continuously measured using a dynamometer. During voluntary contractions, muscle activation of the tibialis anterior and the medical gastrocnemius was recorded using surface electromyography. Force depression during voluntary contractions, with a constant level of muscle activation, was 12 %, on average over all subjects. Force depression was independent of the speeds of shortening ($13.8{\pm}2.9%$, $10.3{\pm}2.6%$ for 15 and 45 deg/sec over 15 deg of shortening, respectively). The results of this study suggest that steady-state force depression is a basic property of voluntarily-contracting human skeletal muscle and has functional implication to human movements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.443-450
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• 2012

PURPOSE: This study was investigated to find the validity of active movement control test for low back pain patients with or without hamstring shortening. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 28 subjects and all of them agreed to participate in the study. All subjects were classified according to 4groups. Group1 was no LBP, no hamstring shortening. Group2 was no LBP, hamstring shortening. Group3 was LBP, no hamstring shortening. Group4 was LBP, hamstring shortening. We measured to see their low back pain and hamstring shortening with VAS, Goniometer for active movement control test. We analyzed the data using Cochran Q test and crosstabulation for agreement index. RESULTS: The results of this study were as follows : 1) Low back pain had effect on active movement control by Group1 and Group2. 2) Hamstring had effect on active movement control by Group1 and Group2 3)Low back pain with or without hamstring shortening had effect on active movement control by Group4 CONCLUSION: According the results of this study, active movement control test were significantly influenced on low back pain and hamstring interaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1996

Failure to change from the higher pitched voice of preadolescence to the lower pitched voice of adolescence and adulthood is called "mutational dysphonia" The voice is weak, thin, breathy, hoarse, and mono-pitched. If the voice theraphy was failed, surgery to lower vocal pitch which is refered to thyroplasty type III, is indicated. We compared the post-op acoustic parameters with pre-op data in unilateral antero-posterior shortening of the thyroid cartilage method and bilateral antero-posterior shortening of the thyroid cartilage method each other. Bilateral antero-posterior shortening of the thyroid cartilage method shows significant drop of fundamental frequency and speaking fundamental frequency statistically than unilateral shortening method. There was no significant differences in Jitter, Shimmer, SNR, MFR and other psychoacoustic analysiss parameters between two groups. These data shows that unequal tension of the vocal cord in uilateral antero-posterior shortening of the thyroid cartilage method does not control the pitch effectively so bilatreal shortening method in Type III thyroplasty is recommandable procedure in surgery of the mutational dysphonia.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.611-616
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of various lipids on the quality of Yackwa. Sesame oil, soybean oil, margarine for cream, margarine for pie and shortening were used as lipid for making dough of Yackwa in this study. The expansion rate of Yackwa ranked in the order of shortening, margarine for pie, soybean oil, margarine for cream and sesame oil. The Yackwa made with shortening showed low hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and brittleness such as the ones made with sesame oil. The Yackwa made with sesame oil was oily and showed the lowest acceptability, but the Yackwa of shortening gained the highest score of acceptability in sensory evaluation. In conclusion. this experimental result indicated that shortening would be very useful as a substitute for sesame oil in making Yackwa.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.258-266
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to make a reasonable correction in construction stage through exact prediction of long-time differential column shortening that occurs in the high-rise RC building. For this, a self-developed program adopted PCA code is used to predict differential column shortening with sequential loading process. Using this program, the amount of the different column shortening of Amatapura Apartment in Indonesia is predicted and the effect is analyzed. From the result, the major factor affecting the shortening amount in columns is elastic strain and the effect of shrinkage is very small rather than creep. And maximun differential column shortening is appeared near the middle of the building.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.143-146
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• 2003

Tall Buildings have been popular in recent years. Tall buildings require special consideration to design and construction due to their structural features. Column shortening is one of the important technologies to be considered in. The long-term deformations of concrete cause vertical shortening on cores and columns, trigger deformations on cladding, partitions and finishes, and damage their serviceability. This also affects structural stability by inducing unexpected stress to the structural members such as outrigger. The main objective of this paper is to re-evaluate column shortening according to revised field information and to compare the analysis results with the actual field measurement. Mok-Dong Hyperion, a 69-story apartment building which is currently under construction, was chosen for the case study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.147-152
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• 2003

Passage of time axial shortening in the cores and columns of tall concrete buildings requires special attention to ensure proper behavior for strength of the structure and the nonstructural element. The effects of column shortening, both elastic and inelastic, take on added significance and need special consideration in design and construction with increased height of structures. In this paper, the compensation method of column shortening for reinforced concrete structure are introduced. It could be concluded that the survey is a significant factor for the compensation instance of column shortening.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2011.05b
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• pp.67-70
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• 2011

The effect of column shortening is a major consideration in design and construction of tall buildings, especially in concrete and composite structural systems. To avoid unexpected demage in structural and nonstructural elements, differential shortening between vertical members resulting from differing stress levels, loading histories, volume-to-surface ratios and other factors in a high-rise building must be properly considered in the design process. This paper represents analyzed and measured shortening results of RC cores and columns at the 72 story Haeundae I'Park. It shows that WACS program based on ACI and PCA material model is effective for the prediction of column shortening.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.262-266
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• 2013

In OFDM system, cyclic prefix (CP) is used to eliminate the inersymbol interference that is caused by the channel dispersion. However, a long CP reduces the data transmission rate. An alternative to a logn CP is the a time domain channel shortening filter at the receiver that shortens the effective channel, thus a short CP is used in spite of a long channel impulse response. In the paper, we compare a various channel shortening techniques; minimum shortened signal to noise ratio (MSSNR), minimum interblock interference (min-IBI), and minimum ISI (min-ISI).