• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2011

Heavy metal remediation in shooting range soil is a challenge over the world. The excessive Pb accumulation in the soil can deteriorate soil quality and fertility. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the efficiency of biochar (BC) in improving the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil and to evaluate its effect on Pb availability in a military shooting range soil. Sandy loam soil was collected from shooting range of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea and was incubated for 30 days with different application rates (0-30% w $w^{-1}$) of BC. The results showed that the addition of BC increased aggregate stability, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents, and enzyme activities in soil. Sequential extraction showed that residual and organic bound fractions in the soil amended with BC increased by 33.1 and 16.7%, respectively, and the exchangeable fraction decreased by 93.7% in the soil amended with BC, compared to the unamended soil. We concluded that the application of BC could not only improve physicochemical and biological soil qualities but also stabilize Pb in a shooting range soil.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.407-414
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the heavy metal contamination in the soils of Maehyang-ri inland shooting range area. The texture of the Maehyang-ri inland shooting range soil was sandy. Extraction of heavy metals reached quasi-equilibrium within 6 hours using shaking with 0.1 N HCl. 95% and 94% of extraction efficiency was observed for Cu and Pb in the Maehyang-ri shooting range soils, respectively. And Cu and Pb contamination of level of the T-1 region soil was $114.4{\pm}5.7mg/kg$ and $362.3{\pm}20.5mg/kg$. This may be due to the effects of mineralogical factor, soil particle size and un-residual fractions such as exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide and organic+sulfide.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2012

The applicability and accuracy of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model on the estimation of soil loss at impacted area of shooting range was tested to further the understanding of soil erosion at shooting ranges by using RUSLE. At a shooting range located in northern Kyunggi, the amount of soil loss was estimated by RUSLE model and compared with that estimated by Global Positioning System-Total Station survey. As results, the annual soil loss at a study site (202 m long by 79 m wide) was estimated to be 2,915 ton/ha/year by RUSLE and 3,058 ton/ha/year by GPS-TS survey, respectively. The error between two different estimations was less than 5%, however, information on site conditions should be collected more to adjust model coefficients accurately. At the study shooting range, sediments generated by rainfall was transported from the top to near the bottom of the sloping face through sheet erosion as well as rill erosion, forming a gully along the direction of the storm water flow. Coarser fractions of the sediments were redeposited in the limited area along the channel. Distribution characteristics of explosive compounds in soil before and after summer monsoon rainfall in the study area were compared with the erosion patterns. Soil sampling and analyses results showed that the dispersion of explosive compounds in surface soil was consistent with the characteristics of soil erosion and redeposition pattern of sediment movements after rainfalls.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.56-65
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• 2014

Contamination of explosive compounds in the soils of military shooting range may pose risks to human and ecosystems. As shooting ranges are located at remote places, active remediation processes with hardwares and equipments are less practical to implement than natural solutions such as bioremediaton. In this study, a series of experiments was conducted to select a suitable carbon source and to optimize dosing rate for the enhanced bioremediation of explosive compounds in surface soils and sediments of shooting ranges with indigenous microorganisms activated by external carbon source. Treatability study using slurry phase reactors showed that the presence of indigenous microbial community capable of explosive compounds degradation in the shooting range soils, and starch was a more effective carbon source than glucose and acetic acid in the removal of TNT. However, at higher starch/soil ratio, i.e., 2.0, the acute toxicity of the liquid phase increased possibly due to transformation products of TNT. RDX degradation by indigenous microorganisms was also stimulated by the addition of starch but the acute toxicity of the liquid phase decreased with the increase of starch/soil ratio. Taken together, the optimum range of starch/soil ratio for the degradation of explosive compounds without significant increase in acute toxicity was found to be 0.2 of starch/soil.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2016

The study examined the level of heavy metal contamination by dividing military rifle shooting ranges into the three areas, i.e firing, trajectory, and target. The target area was found to be contaminated at a level higher (Cu 845 mg/kg, Pb 30,487 mg/kg) than the Worrisome Level of Soil Contamination (hereinafter referred to as the “Worrisome Level”) The trajectory area was predicted to be free from contamination, but it did indicate contamination although it was pretty much lower (Cu 23 mg/kg, Pb 99 mg/kg) than Worrisome Level. This is attributed to the contamination spread when rearranging the soil of the target area during the maintenance of the shooting range. The firing area was also predicted to be free from heavy metal contamination, but the results analyzed indicated a contamination higher (Cu 201 mg/kg, Pb 2,286 mg/kg) than Worrisome Level. This is attributed to the fragments of the broken bullet scattering due to the pressure generated as the bullet leaves the muzzle. An examination of heavy metal contamination in the discharge area as well as gutters to prevent the intrusion of rain water from perimeter revealed a high level of contamination (Cu 298 mg/kg, Pb 6,497 mg/kg), which makes it necessary to take measures.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2021

This study evaluated the feasibility of combined use of physical separation and soil washing to remediate heavy metals (Pb and Cu) contaminated soil in a military shooting range. The soils were classified into two types based on the level of heavy metal concentrations: a higher contaminated soil (HCS) with Pb and Cu concentrations of 6,243 mg/kg and 407 mg/kg, respectively, and a lower contaminated soil (LCS) with their concentrations of 1,658 mg/kg and 232 mg/kg. Pb level in both soils exceeded the regulatory limit (700 mg/kg), and its concentration generally increased with decreasing soil particle size. However, in some cases, Pb concentrations increased with increasing soil particle size, presumably due to the presence of residues of bullets in the soil matrix. As a pretreatment step, a shaking table was used for physical separation of soil to remove bullet residues while fractionating the contaminated soils into different sizes. The most effective separation and fractionation were achieved at vibration velocity of 296 rpm/min, the table slope of 7.0°, and the separating water flow rate of 23 L/min. The efficiency of ensuing soil washing process for LCS was maximized by using 0.5% HCl with the soil:washing solution mixing ratio of 1:3 for 1 hr treatment. On the contrary, HCS was most effectively remediated by using 1.0% HCl with the same soil:solution mixing ratio for 3 hr. This work demonstrated that the combined use of physical separation and soil washing could be a viable option to remediate soils highly contaminated with heavy metals.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2010

For an efficient remediation of Pb-contaminated soil (S-1) in a clay shooting range, a soil washing test was performed with mineral acid, organic acid, chelating agent, and chloride. The Pb extraction efficiency of extractant (0.1 M) used in the washing test showed the order of HCl > $Na_2$-EDTA > NTA > DTPA > citric acid > malic acid > succinic acid > acetic acid > $CaCl_2$ > $MgCl_2$, for S-1 soil. As compared to initial Pb concentration, extraction efficiency by the concentration of extractant was 93.35%, 80.80%, 73.92%, and 24.57% in S-1 soil for HCl (0.5 M, pH 1.10), $Na_2$-EDTA (0.01 M, pH 3.99), citric acid (0.5 M, pH 1.27), and $MgCl_2$ (0.1 M, pH 8.82), respectively. S-1 soil had 56.83% of residue form and 43.17% of non-residue form (18.04% of exchangeable form), respectively. Although the concentrations of these fractions sharply decreased after HCl washing, since the exchangeable forms with relatively large mobility are still distributed as high as 18.78% (to Pb total content in residual soils) in S-1 soil, it is necessary to devise a proper management plan for residual soils after soil washing application.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.523-532
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• 2008

A phase II site investigation and feasibility study was conducted at a military mortar shooting range near the demilitarized zone (Kyunggi, South Korea) to assess the extent of contaminants migration to the nearby Imjin river in which a flood control dam is under construction. The results showed that silty-clay soils around target areas were co-contaminated with heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Pb) and explosives (HMX, RDX, and TNT). The total amount of contaminant was estimated to be 497.1 kg-RDX, 20.6 kg-HMX, 1.4 kg-TNT, 35.2 kg-Cd, 4,331 kg-Cu, and 5,115 kg-Pb, respectively. Both heavy metals and explosives were almost equally distributed on each soil particle size fraction. Neither subsurface soil samples nor ground water samples showed signs of contamination above the environmental criteria. The major migration route of contaminants was soil particles in surface run-off during rain at which a mass discharge rate of 30.0 mg-RDX/hour was observed.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.457-469
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• 2009

Pb, Zn, Cu등으로 오염된 사격장 토양을 대상으로 하여 황산화균인 Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans를 이용한 미생물학적 중금속 용출 기술의 적용 가능성을 파악하고 에너지원인 황의 농도, 미생물 접종량, 반응 온도 등의 조건이 중금속 용출 효율에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 황의 투입량 및 미생물의 초기 접종량이 높을수록 중금속 용출 효율이 다소 높게 나타났으나, 황 및 미생물을 접종하지 않은 경우에는 중금속 용출량이 뚜렷하게 감소하였다. 또한 $26^{\circ}C$ 조건에서의 중금속 용출량에 비하여 $4^{\circ}C$ 조건에서의 용출량은 매우 낮았다. 오염 농도가 가장 높은 Pb의 경우 다른 중금속에 비하여 월등히 높은 용출량을 나타내었으나 그 효율은 가장 낮았으며 이는 용출되어 나온 Pb가 $PbSO_{4(s)}$로써 침전 또는 콜로이드 입자를 형성하였기 때문으로 판단된다. 연속추출법을 적용하여 반응 전과 후의 중금속 존재 형태의 변화를 파악한 결과, Zn, Cu, Cr의 경우 용출이 용이한 형태의 비율이 증가함으로써 추가적인 조치가 필요하였다. 중금속으로 오염된 사격장 토양 등의 현장 복원에 미생물학적 용출 기법이 유용하게 적용될 수 있으며 이 때 에너지원의 농도, 미생물의 접종량, 반응 온도 등의 인자가 용출 효율에 매우 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.492-506
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• 2019

공용화기사격장 내 중금속 오염물은 대부분 탄두원형으로 존재하거나 입자로 존재하는 금속조각편이며 이들 미세한 금속입자들은 오랜 기간 풍화되어 표면이 산화물 또는 탄산화물로 존재할 가능성이 매우 높다. 특히 사격장 토양에서 대표적 오염물질인 납은 연성이 높아 무르고 잘 늘어나므로 더 미세입자로 존재한다. 따라서 물리적 세척 실험으로 입도분석, 입경별 중금속농도, 금속물질 성분분석, 비중, 자력, 부상선별의 적용성 평가를 실시하였다. 금속파편의 경우 FESEM분석과 무게측정결과 납은 무른 특성에 따라 얇게 조각나고 편모양의 구조로 비슷한 면적의 구형 토양보다 무게가 더 적게 나가는 것을 확인하였으며 비중선별 적용성이 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 결과를 적용하여 하이드로사이클론을 이용한 정화효율평가 결과 1회 71%, 2회 80%, 3회 91%의 누적 정화효율을 보였다. 이에 비해 자력선별은 17%의 낮은 효율을 보였고 부상선별은 입경 0.5 mm 미만으로 선별한 대상토는(-35 mesh) 39%로 비교적 높은 효율을 보였으나 입경 2 mm 미만으로 선별한 대상토의(-10 mesh) 효율은 16%에 불과하였다. 토양세척의 대상 처리입경은 2 mm ~ 0.075 mm로 입도구분을 추가로 하여 실규모 장치에 적용하여야 하며 이는 설치비용과 공정이 추가로 구성됨에 따른 관리가 필요할 것으로 분석되었다. 결과적으로 공용화기사 격장 오염의 토양정화는 탄두 원형을 유지한 탄두는 5.56 mm 이상으로 자갈입경보다 크므로 고비중을 이용한 비중선별을 실시하고, 금속파편으로 존재하는 오염물질은 얇게 조각나고 편모양의 구조로 같은 입경의 토양보다 무게가 더 적음에 따라 토양세척의 하이드로사이클론을 이용하여 분리하여 처리할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.