Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7857/JSGE.2014.19.3.056

Optimization of Explosive Compounds (TNT and RDX) Biodegradation by Indigenous Microorganisms Activated by External Carbon Source  

Park, Jieun (Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Gachon University)
Bae, Bumhan (Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Gachon University)
Publication Information
Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment / v.19, no.3, 2014 , pp. 56-65 More about this Journal
Abstract
Contamination of explosive compounds in the soils of military shooting range may pose risks to human and ecosystems. As shooting ranges are located at remote places, active remediation processes with hardwares and equipments are less practical to implement than natural solutions such as bioremediaton. In this study, a series of experiments was conducted to select a suitable carbon source and to optimize dosing rate for the enhanced bioremediation of explosive compounds in surface soils and sediments of shooting ranges with indigenous microorganisms activated by external carbon source. Treatability study using slurry phase reactors showed that the presence of indigenous microbial community capable of explosive compounds degradation in the shooting range soils, and starch was a more effective carbon source than glucose and acetic acid in the removal of TNT. However, at higher starch/soil ratio, i.e., 2.0, the acute toxicity of the liquid phase increased possibly due to transformation products of TNT. RDX degradation by indigenous microorganisms was also stimulated by the addition of starch but the acute toxicity of the liquid phase decreased with the increase of starch/soil ratio. Taken together, the optimum range of starch/soil ratio for the degradation of explosive compounds without significant increase in acute toxicity was found to be 0.2 of starch/soil.
Keywords
Biodegradation; Carbon source; Indigenous microorganisms; RDX; TNT;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 U.S. EPA, 1998, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), RDX.
2 U.S. EPA, 2005, Handbook on the Management of Munitions Response Actions, Interim Final, EPA 505-B-01-001.
3 U.S. EPA, 2007, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods, SW-846.
4 U.S. EPA, 2009, 2009 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisory, Office of Water, EPA 822-R-09-011.
5 Zhang, B., Kendall, R.J., and Anderson, T.A., 2006, Toxicity of the explosive metabolites hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) and hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitron1,3,5-triazine (MNX) to the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, Chemosphere, 64, 86-95.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Zhao, J.-S., Halasz, A., Paquet, L., Beaulieu, C., and Hawari, J., 2002, Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and its mononitroso derivative hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5- dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) by Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain SCZ-1 isolated from an anaerobic sludge, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 5336-5341.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Zhao, J.-S., Paquet, L., Halasz, A., and Hawari, J., 2003, Metabolism of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine through initial reduction to hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine followed by denitration in Clostridium bifermentans HAW-1, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 63, 187-193.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Park, S.H., Bae, B., Kim, M., and Jang, Y.Y., 2008, Distribution and behavior of mixed contaminants, explosives and heavy metals, at a small scale military shooting range, Kor. Soc. Water Environ., 24(5), 523-532.   과학기술학회마을
9 McCormick, N.G., Cornell, J.H., and Kaplan, A.M., 1981, Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 42, 817-823.
10 Meyer, S.A., Marchand, A.J., Hight, J.L., Roberts, G.H., Escalon, L.B., Inouye, L.S., and MacMillan, D.K., 2005, Up-anddown procedure (UDP) determinations of acute oral toxicity of nitroso degradation products of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5- triazine (RDX), J. Appl. Toxicol., 25, 427-434.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Ministry of Defense, 2002, Remedial Investigation and Counter Measure for Contaminants Dispersion in the Military Shooting Range.
12 Ringelberg, D.B., Reynolds, C.M., and Perry, L.B., Foley, K.L., 2005, Effect of Acetonitrile on RDX Biodegradation in an Unsaturated Surface Soil, ERDC/CRREL TR-05-5.
13 Thompson, K.T., Crocker, F.H., and Fredrickson, H.L, 2005, Mineralization of the cyclic nitramine explosive hexahydro- 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by Gordonia and Williamsia spp., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(12), 8265-8272.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 TTCP (The Technical Cooperation Program), 2008, Development of Environmental Tolerance Values for Defense Sites Contaminated with Energetic Materials, Annual Report for KTA 4- 32-04.
15 Esteve-Nunez, A., Caballero, A., and Ramos, J.L., 2001, Biological degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, Microbiol. and Mol. Biol. R., 65(3), 335-352.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 U.S. DoD, 2008, Treatment of RDX and/or HMX Using Mulch Biowalls, ESTCP (Environmental Security Technology Certification Program), Cost and Performance Report ER-0426.
17 U.S. EPA, 1994, Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories. Washington, D.C., Office of Water.
18 U.S. EPA, 1997, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), TNT.
19 Coleman, N.V., Nelson, D.R., and Trevor Duxbury, T., 1998, Aerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5- trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) as a nitrogen source by a Rhodococcus sp., strain DN22, Soil Biol. Biochem., 30(8-9), 1159-1167.   DOI
20 Daun, G., Lenke, H., Reuss, M., and Knackmuss, H.-J., 1998, Biological treatment of TNT-contaminated soil. 1. Anaerobic cometabolic reduction and interaction of TNT and metabolites with soil components, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1956-1963.   DOI
21 Davis, L., Wani, A.H., O'Neal, B.R., and Hansen, L.D., 2004, RDX biodegradation column study: comparison of electron donors for biologically induced reductive transformation in groundwater, J. Hazard. Mater., B112, 45-54.
22 Fuller, M.E., Lowey, J.M., Schaefer, C.E., and Steffan, R.J., 2005, A Peat Moss-based technology for mitigating residues of the explosives TNT, RDX, and HMX in soil, Soil Sediment Contam., 14(4), 373-385.   DOI
23 Gee, G.W. and Bauder. J.W., 1986, Particle-size Analysis, p. 383-411. In A. Klute (ed.) Method of Soil Analysis: Part 1, 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA.
24 Achtnich, C., Sieglen, U., Knackmuss, H.-J., and Lenke, H., 2009, Irreversible binding of biologically reduced 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene to soil, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18(11), 2416-2423.
25 Hawari, J., Beaudet, S., Halasz, A., Thiboutot, S., and Ampleman, G., 2000, Microbial degradation of explosives: biotransformation versus mineralization, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 54, 605-618.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Korea Water Cooperation, 2002, Prediction of Water Quality of Hantan River and Remediation Technology Selection through Remedial Investigation of Darakdae Shooting Range.
27 McCormick, N.G., Feeherry, F.E., and Levinson, H.S., 1976, Microbial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and other nitroaromatic compounds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 31, 949-958.
28 Adrian, N.R., Arnett, C.M., and Hickey, R.F., 2003, Stimulating the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives by the addition of hydrogen or electron donors that produce hydrogen, Wat. Res., 37, 3499-3507.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 ATSDR, RDX Fact Sheet, 1996. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts78.html
30 Bruns-Nagel, D., Breitung, J., von Low, E., Steinbach, K., Gorontzy, T., Kahl, M., Blotevogel, K.-H., and Gemsa, D., 1996, Microbial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in aerobic soil columns, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62(7), 2651-2656.
31 Akhavan, J., 1998, The Chemistry of Explosives, The Royal Society of Chemistry Information Service, Letchworth, UK.
32 Rylott, E.L., Lorenz, A., and Bruce, N.C., 2011, Biodegradation and biotransformation of explosives, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 22, 434-440.   DOI