• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.563-570
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• 2014

The shortage or surplus of minerals directly affects overall physiological metabolism of plants; especially, it strongly influences carbohydrate metabolism as a primary response. We have studied mineral uptake, synthesis and partitioning of soluble carbohydrates, and the relationship between them in N, P or K-excessive tomato plants, and examined the interaction between soluble carbohydrates and mineral elements. Four-weeks-old tomato plants were grown in a hydroponic growth container adjusted with excessive N ($20.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $Ca(NO_3)2{\cdot}4H_2O$ and $20.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $KNO_3$), P ($2.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $KH_2PO_4$), and K ($20.0mmol\;L^{-1}$ $KNO_3$), respectively, for 30 days. Shoot growth rates were significantly influenced by excessive N or K, but not by excessive P. The concentrations of water soluble N (nitrate and ammonium), P and K were clearly different with each tissue of tomato plants as well as the mineral conditions. The NPK accumulation in all treatments was as follows; fully expanded leaves (48%) > stem (19%) = roots (16%) = petioles (15%) > emerging leaves (1). K-excessive condition extremely contributed to a remarkable increase in the ratio, which ranged from 2.79 to 10.34, and particularly potassium was dominantly accumulated in petioles, stem and roots. Fresh weight-based soluble sugar concentration was the greatest in NPK-sufficient condition ($154.8mg\;g^{-1}$) and followed by K-excessive (141.6), N-excessive (129.2) and P-excessive (127.7); whereas starch was the highest in K-excessive ($167.0mg\;g^{-1}$) and followed by P-excessive (146.1), NPK-sufficient (138.2) and N-excessive (109.7). Soluble sugar showed positive correlation with dry weight-based total N content (p<0.01) whereas was negatively correlated with soluble P (p<0.01) and dry weight-based total P (p<0.01). On the other hand, starch production was negatively influenced by total N (p<0.001), but, it showed positive relation with total K concentration (p<0.05). This study shows that uptake pattern of NPK and production and partitioning of soluble carbohydrate were substantially different from each mineral, and the relationship between water soluble- and dry weight-based-mineral was positive.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.440-446
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• 1986

The physiological reaction of two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars tolerant and susceptible to rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.) was studied at the AVRDC in Taiwan, ROC. The rust epidemic on the susceptible cultivar began earlier and progressed more rapidly than on the tolerant cultivar. The defoliation by rust infection increased rapidly after the latter half of pod filling. The reduction of LA! by rust in the susceptible cultivar occurred earlier than in the tolerant cultivar. The differences in the chlorophyll content between the rust-free and rust-infected plants was 2.04% in the tolerant, and 16.43% in the susceptible cultivar. The shoot dry weight increased at each growth stage in the fungicide protected plots, but decreased in the non-fungicide protected plots after the R6 growth stage onward and the tendency to decrease was more severe in the susceptible than in the tolerant cultivar. The pod and seed dry weight of the suscep-tible cultivar in the fungicide-protected plot increased dramatically from the R6 growth stage, but in the non-fungicide plot, there was almost no increase in pod and seed dry weight from R6 growth stage, due to rust. The number of empty pods and imperfect grains were increased by rust infection, but the protein content was not afftected. There were reductions of oil content, seed length, seed width, seed thickness, pod thickness, number of pods and seeds, 100 seed weight, and yield due to rust infection. The yield losses by rust infection were 22.3%in the tolerant and 68.7% in the susceptible cultivar.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2012

The growth of terminal shoots of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) was analyzed during the first two months from the time of bud sprout to understand the dynamics of their early growth. Field-grown, mature 'Fuyu' and 'Nishimurawase' trees were used in a three-year study at two locations in Gyeongnam province. The growth of terminal shoots was most active from late April, about 10 days after foliation, to early May, followed by a gradual decline by late May. The increase in leaf area continued unabated throughout May. The weight of a flower bud increased slowly until early May and rapidly after flowering. Although its extension growth had been ceased by late May, dry weight (DW) of a terminal shoot continued to increase almost linearly throughout May due to shoot thickening and continued growth of leaves and fruits. In late May, the leaves and the stem accounted for more than 60% and less than 20% of total DW of a shoot respectively; fruit proportion increased to 7 to 17% by then. Relative growth rate (RGR) of the terminal shoot was higher than 213 $mg{\cdot}g^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in late April, but declined to less than 63 $mg{\cdot}g^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in late May. Like the pattern of seasonal changes in RGR, net assimilation rate (NAR) of the shoots decreased from 1.9 to 2 $mg{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ to 0.5 to 0.8 $mg{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$. An early-season 'Nishimurawase' did not differ from a late-season 'Fuyu' in RGR and NAR during the first two months of growth. The early growth of the shoots was affected mainly by the reserves redistributed from permanent organs, however, environmental conditions at the time was also involved.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.111-122
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• 2009

Compound fertilizer contained slow release nitrogen was used at golf course management because of promoting turfgrass growth and decreasing fertilizing labor. But, it was hardly published about turf grass growth by its effect and form like isobutylidene diurea(IBDU) and methylene urea(MU) in golf course management of Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of compound fertilizer contained slow release nitrogen such as IBDU and MU on creeping bentgrasss and the change in nitrogen in the root zone after application of fertilizers at AM turfgrass research institute with soil analysis, chlorophyll content index, leaf area index and dry weight during 5 months from July to december in 2007 year. Fertilizer treatments were designed as following; non-fertilizer(NF), straight fertilizer(CF), treatment 1(MU), treatment 2(IBDU 1), and treatment 3(IBDU 2). The every treatments were arranged a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results obtained were summarized as follows: As relative to time after N fertilizers application, ammonium and nitrate in soil were increased, but T-N was decrease. $NO_3$-N and T-N content of slow release fertilizer(SRF), the treatment MU, IBDU 1 and IBDU 2, in soil was higher than that of CF, and the change of ratio of available N and T-N by elapsed time after fertilizing SRFs and CF was higher about 5% in root zone of SF to l5days, but in root zone of SRF from 30days about $5{\sim}10%$. Compared with NF, the turf color index was increased 6.5%, 6.7%, 5.9% and 5.5%, respectively, the chlorophyll content 33.2%, 38.4%, 35.1% and 37.1%, the dry weight 76.2%, 77.7%, 69.5 and 72.3% and shoot number 28%, 52%, 56% and 51%. The chlorophyll content index of MD, IBDU 1 and IBDU 2 was increased $2.6{\sim}5.2%$ than that of CF, shoot number $18{\sim}22%$ but turf color index and dry weight was analogous to that of CF. These results showed that the SRF application was supplied nitrogen for a long time in root zone by increasing an available nitrogen, and so bring turf growth such as chlorophyll content and shoot number in creeping bentgrass.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of compound fertilizer contained slow release nitrogen such as isobutylidene diurea(IBDU) and methylene urea(MU) on kentucky bluegrasss and the change of nitrogen in the root zone after supplying these at AM turfgrass research institute with soil analysis, chlorophyll content index, leaf area index and dry weight during 6 months from July to December in 2007 year. Fertilizer treatments were designed as following; non-fertilizer(NF), straight fertilizer(CF), methylene urea(MU), isobutylidene diurea(IBDU). The every treatments were arranged a randomized complete block with three replications. Results obtained were summarized as follows: As relative to time after N fertilizers application, ammonium and nitrate in soil were increased, but T-N was decrease. The change of ratio of available Nand T-N by elapsed time after fertilizing was decreased in CF from 30days but increased until 45days. Compared with NF, the turf color index in CF, MU and IBDU was increased 1.5%, 2.5% and 2.3%, respectively, the chlorophyll content 16%, 25% and 26%, the dry weight 31%, 62% and 46% and shoot number 104%, 185% and 148%. The chlorophyll content index of MU and IBDU was increased 7.5% and 8.8% than that of CF, shoot number 40% and 22%, and dry weight 24% and 12% but turf color index was similar to that of CF. These results showed that the MU and IBDU application was supplied nitrogen for a long time in root zone by increasing an available nitrogen, and so promote turf grass growth such as chlorophyll content and shoot number in kentucky bluegrass.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2008

Plug seedlings of vinca (Catharanthus roseus L. 'Pacifica Punch') and salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem & Schult 'Maestro') were transplanted into square plastic pots (145 mL volume) filled with a soilless growing medium. To determine the effect of application rate on the growing medium EC and growth of plants, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 g per pot of a controlled release fertilizer (14-14-14 Osmocote, 14N-6.2P-11.6K) were mixed with the growing medium. Plants were subirrigated daily with tap water. In both vinca and salvia, growing medium EC increased as application rate was elevated. Growing medium EC was relatively constant over a whole crop period when the application rate was less than 1.5 g per pot, while it decreased throughout the experiment at higher application rates such as 2.0 to 4.0g per pot in both species. The greatest leaf area, plant height, and shoot dry weight of vinca were obtained when plants were fertilized with 2.0 to 4.0 g per pot of the fertilizer, resulting in a growing medium EC of $1.0{\sim}1.7dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ throughout the experiment. Leaf area, shoot dry weight, and chlorophyll content of salvia increased with elevated application rates. Leaf area, shoot dry weight, and chlorophyll content of salvia were the greatest when plants were fertilized with 4.0 g per pot, resulting in growing medium EC of $1.0{\sim}4.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ throughout the experiment. Plant height of salvia was the greatest when plants were fertilized with 2.0 to 4.0g per pot. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) in the shoots of vinca increased, while concentration of calcium (Ca) decreased with elevated application rates. Concentrations of boron (B) and manganese (Mn) in the shoots of vinca increased as the application rate decreased.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.596-606
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• 2016

The growth and contents of anthocyanins and ascorbic acid in lettuce(Lactuca sativa L., 'Jeokchima') as affected by supplemental UV-A LED irradiation under different light quality and photoperiod conditions were analyzed in this study. Five light qualities, namely B (blue LED), R (red LED), BUV (blue LED+UV-A LED), RUV (red LED+UV-A LED) and Control (white fluorescent lamps) with photoperiods of 12/12 hours (day/night), 16/8 hours, or 20/4 hours were provided to investigate the effects of light quality and photoperiod on the growth and accumulation of anthocyanins and ascorbic acid in lettuce leaves. As measured 28 days after transplanting, the number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, shoot fresh weight and dry weight of lettuce were significantly affected by light quality and photoperiod. The number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, shoot fresh weight and dry weight of lettuce grown under R treatment increased with increasing light period. By contrast, leaf development was inhibited, but chlorophyll content increased, under B treatment. Supplemental UV-A irradiation significantly decreased leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and shoot fresh weight. Anthocyanins in lettuce increased significantly with decreasing dark period under B treatment. A synergistic effect of supplemental UV-A LED irradiation on anthocyanins accumulation was found for lettuce leaves grown under R treatment but not B treatment. Ascorbic acid in lettuce was greatly affected by photoperiod. Ascorbic acid content at BUV and RUV treatments increased by 20-30% compared to without UV-A LED irradiation. From these results, it was concluded that growth and contents of anthocyanins and ascorbic acid in lettuce are significantly affected by supplemental UV-A LED irradiation. The results obtained in this study will be informative for efforts to improve the nutritional value of leafy vegetables grown in plant factories.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2012

The study was conducted to know whether turfgrass wear tolerance, growth, and quality could be improved by the application of silicon and potassium. First, turf responses to silicate and potassium were evaluated by several parameters such as, turf visual quality, root length, shoot density, and dry weight under the field condition. Second, turf responses to traffic frequencies were examined by turf growth (root) length, shoot density and dry weight) and soil hardness under the field condition. Finally, under traffic stress condition, the effects of silica and potassium application on wear tolerance were evaluated through the methods described above. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) rooting were significantly improved by silica. The root length was enhanced by an increase in potassium silicate application. Certain level of light traffic is beneficial while frequent traffic cause serious adverse effect on visual quality of bentgrass. Under a traffic stress condition with 10 times of footing a day for 30 days, silica and potassium increased turf visual quality by 6.38% and 10.25% respectively when compared to the control. Silica and potassium treatment on trafficked plot increased turf visual quality by 11.4% and 10.2% respectively in comparison with the control with significant reduction of wear injury from the traffic. A co-application of potassium silicate with potassium sulfate provided the enhanced visual quality of turf as compared to application of silica or potassium fertilizer, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1995

The effect of day and night temperature on the seedlings growth as well as physiological responses of red pepper seedlings to temperature, such as uptake of water and nutrients, rates of photosynthesis and respiration of leaf and root were also investigated in growth cabinet. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. As the temperature dropped down to 12$^{\circ}C$, the uptake of water and nutrients, nitrate, phosphorus and potassium were decreased drastically. At 5$^{\circ}C$ there was virtually no uptake of water and nutrients. 2. Photosynthetic activity in the leaves of red pepper seedlings was increased gradually from 5$^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ and observed the highest photosynthetic activity at $25^{\circ}C$, but respiratory activity of leaf increased up to 3$0^{\circ}C$ and the same trend was observed in root respiratory activity. 3. Optimal combination of day and night temperature for shoot dry weight which is the decisive criterion of good seedlings of red pepper was found to be $25^{\circ}C$ at nighttime and 3$0^{\circ}C$ at daytime and then day/night temperature showed in the order of 25/25, 30/15, 15/25, 10/$25^{\circ}C$. No increment of shoot dry weight at 5$^{\circ}C$ in nighttime temperature observed regardless of daytime temperature.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the effects of the different concentration of the nutrient solution on the early growth and the nutritional contents of hydroponically grown Aster koraiensis, Hemerocallis fulva and Plantago asiatica at 70 days after transplanting in perlite culture. Balanced nutrient solution formulated by Japanese Horticultural Experiment Station was used as the standard concentration of the nutrient solution. Overall plant growth of Aster koraiensis and Hemerocallis fulva such as plant height, stem diameter, number of loaves, fresh and dry shoot and root weight were significantly increased in 1.5 times concentration of nutrient solution. Shoot and root fresh and dry weight of hydroponically grown Plantago asiatica were significantly increased in the higher concentration of the nutrient solution, however, number of loaves and root length were significantly increased in the standard and the lower concentration of the nutrient solution. The highest contents of calcium, magnesium and sodium in plants were shown in Aster koraienxis which were grown in the 1.5 times concentration of nutrient solution, and Hemerocallis fulva and Plantago asiatica in 0.25 times of that. The contents of potassium in Aster koraiensis and Hemerocallis fulva were significantly increased when the plants were grown in the 0.5 times concentration of the nutrient solution, and that in Plantago asiatica in the 1.5 times concentration of the nutrient solution. The contents of phosphoric acid in plants as affected by the different species of Namul and the different concentration of the nutrient solution were not significant.