• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2008

This study was designed to figure out the changes in elderly women's foot size and shape by aging, to propose size specification for elderly women's shoes, and to produce regression equations using representative measurements items to estimate other measurements usually hard to get. Subjects were 118 women of 30-59 years and the 227 elderly women over 60 years. Martin's anthropometry was done on the right foot of each subject for 25 items. And 11 indirect measurement items were measured on both foot printing sole outline and picture in profile taken by digital camera. For statistical analysis on the anthropometric measurements by SPSS program, analysis of variance, post-hoc test(SNK-test), crosstabulation, multiple correlation analysis, regression analysis were performed. The results of the study are as follows. Firstly, it was found that the foot figures of elderly women over 60 years were smaller in girth and width than those of below 60 years. In addition, it was revealed that a big toe and a little toe of elderly women showed a tendency concentrating to the central axis of feet. The foot index of elderly was smaller in width and girth. Secondly, foot size distribution table of elderly group showed wider size ranges and covered smaller sizes than the below the age of 60, meaning wide variation in foot size of elderly women. Thirdly, the multiple correlation analysis showed high correlation of foot length/girth to other measurements, suggesting these two items could be used as representative items for elderly women's shoe size specification as other age groups. Regression equations were produced using foot length/girth to estimate other measurements, suggesting such items could be estimated effectively and utilized in on/off-line shoe manufacturing shop as heel to big toe length, heel to little toe length, exterior malleouls width, instep girth, ankle girth, etc. These results imply prudent features of elderly women's foot as diversity of foot shape and wide size specification range should be applied for ergonomic shoe design for them.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.319-330
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• 2002

A toe spring and ball girth data, when marathone shoes research, development, and production in Korea, is a important point in athlete shoe research. It is clear from the results presented that any differences between MA3 and MA1, MA4 in 70%, 80% session in forepart last comparision. Especially the more 70%-80% session getting wide, the more 90% session getting up, Also, To development for high performance marathones shoes last, in all session, in korean style, 70%, 80%, and 90% session part function changed and consequently there is a need for normative last data that desribe foot, last shape, dimension. this leads to the conclusion that unique shoe lasts for both marathone shoes developmented last comparison are required for optimal marathone shoe comfort. The more ball girth construction will wide in forepart in last, the more comfort characteristic sill development. But relative with performance ability, it is need to research. The further study of Korea marathoner forefoot measurements(70% session ~ 90% session) among toe spring's angular difference of marathone last to north american and Korea marathone shoes last is required to develop and improve athletes performance in an effective way of study and to prevent forefoot injury.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.30 no.11 s.254
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• pp.1433-1438
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• 2006

A systematic approach to socket shape design of a concave piston assembly for a high pressure hydraulic pump of an excavator is presented in this paper. A design model is given and a methodology of socket shape design is proposed. An axisymmetric rigid-plastic finite element method is employed for predicting the approximate socket shape formed by a rotary forming process as well as for simulating the test process for separating the shoe from the piston assembly designed. It is verified that the predictions are in good agreement with the experiments. The approach is successfully applied to developing an optimal concave piston assembly.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.13.2-18
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude related to the purchasing and wearing dress shoes for Korean adult women. 480 adult women age from 18 to 86 years participated in the survey and they were recruited in Seoul and Taejeon. The results were as following; 1. The most common dress shoes sizes were 235 and 240. 2. The subjects age uder 30 years perceived that the fashion is mor important than the comfort when they purchase dress shoes. The suvjects age over 60 years preferred shoes design giving comfort than fashionably designed one. 3. The most frequent complainings with dress shoe design were narrow shoe width, the stiffness of material, and discomfortable sole shape. 4. The letter size designation of dress shoes was not fulled recognized by the consumers. The use of letter size designastion was extremely low when they purchased shoes that fit their foot.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.854-855
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• 2011

In this paper, Interior permanent magnet synchronous motor(IPMSM) with concentrated winding for 110cc electric motorcycle is introduced. Optimum design is performed so as to satisfy wide speed operation range. And output characteristics is analyzed according to shoe height in many variables. Because partial magnetic saturation in shoe affects the harmonics, output characteristics of motor could be confirmed that a significant change. As a result, the new shape and the optimal design parameters considering the partial magnetic saturation is obtained. Compared with the base model, wide operating range was confirmed.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.651-658
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• 2006

This study was performed to provide the analysis on their size and the structural factors required in the process of design and manufacture of school girls' shoes. 371 elementary school girls in Kyungin and Youngnam area were participated in the size measurement. 25 foot items and 6 main body items were measured directly or indirectly using a digital photography. The results of the study are as follows: first, by most of measured items, the range of their foot size was very wide from the size of toddlers to adults'. That shows that the change of school girls' foot size occurred with their growth is pretty big. Second, from the structural factor analysis on 25 foot items, five factors were extracted such as 'the size of the foot', 'the volume of the foot,' 'the height and inclination of the foot,' 'the shape of the foot,' and 'the inside and outside inclination of the foot'. Third, from the cluster analysis, three clusters were classified: Cluster 1 was the group of 10 to 11 year old girls who had big-sized feet. The elementary school girls in the fourth to sixth grade belonged to this group. Cluster 2 consisted of girls who had small-sized and big-volumed feet. Cluster 3 had medium-sized and slim-shaped feet. Most of 6 to 7 year old elementary school girls belonged to this group. The above-mentioned results imply that many continual researches are required on children's shoe production reflecting the change of elementary school girls' feet size owing to their growth. The quantitative data on elementary school girls' feet size in this study could be used as basic information for the development of children's shoe design and its production.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.871-877
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• 2004

In this paper, for manufacturing a custom-made shoes, shape of foot acquired three-dimensional measurement device which makes shoe-last data for needing a custom-made shoes is founded on artificial intelligence technique and it shows method restoring to the original shape in optimized state. the developed system for this study is based on PC which uses existing three dimensional measurement method. And it gains shoe-last and data of foot shape going through 8 CCD(Charge Coupled Device) Which equipped top and bottom, right and left sides and 4 lasers which also equipped both sides and upper and lower sides. The acquired data are processed image processing algorithm using artificial intelligence technique. And result of data management is better quality of removing noise than other system not using artificial intelligence technique and it can simplify post-processing. So, this paper is constituted hardware and software system and it used neural network for determining threshold value, when input image on pre-processing step is being stage of image binarization and present that results.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2002

Custom-tailored products always vary their sizes and shapes to satisfy the customers' tastes and requirements but they have to be fabricated as fast as possible when ordered. One way to solve this problem is to prepare several representative products in advance and each custom-tailored product is generated by machining the closest representative product. To realize this approach, it would be necessary to be able to group the products into several groups each of which has a representative product. Once the similar products are identified to be grouped, the representative shape can be generated such that all the products in the group can be made by machining the representative product. The custom-tailored products considered in this work have similar shapes but different sizes. Since these products have free surfaces, that are hard to be compared, their convex hulls are used for the grouping. Among all the products to be grouped, one product is chosen as a base shape. The shape and overall similarity values between the base shape and the remaining shapes are calculated as their convex hulls are rotated virtually. By calculating these similarity values at each rotation, the optimal alignment of the reference shape with respect to the base shape is determined. Overall similarity value at this optimal alignment is used as a measure for grouping. A prototype system based on the proposed methodology has been implemented and used to group the shoe-lasts for custom-tailored shoes.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.106.2-106
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• 2002

$\textbullet$ Contents 1. Introduction $\textbullet$ Contents 2. System Configuration $\textbullet$ Contents 3. Robot Kinematics $\textbullet$ Contents 4. Shoe outsole shape display program and creating data $\textbullet$ Contents 5. Conclusions

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.159-166
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• 2004

Custom-tailored products are meant by the products having various sizes and shapes to meet the customer's different tastes or needs. Thus fabrication of custom-tailored products inherently involves inefficiency. To minimize this inefficiency, a new paradigm is proposed in this work. In this paradigm, different parts are grouped together according to their sizes and shapes. Then, representative shape of each group is derived and it will be used as the work-piece from which the parts in the group are machined. Once a new product is ordered, the optimal work-piece is selected through making similarity comparisons of new product and each representative shape. Then an effective NC tool-path is generated to machine only the different portions between the work-piece and the ordered product. The efficient machining conditions are also derived from this shape difference. By machining only the different portions between the work-piece and the ordered product, it saves time. Similarity comparison starts with the determination of the closest pose between two shapes in consideration. The closest pose is derived by comparing the ray distances while one shape is virtually rotated with respect to the other. Shape similarity value and overall similarity value calculated from ray distances are used for grouping. A prototype system based on the proposed methodology has been implemented and applied to the grouping and machining of the shoe lasts of various shapes and sizes.