• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.539-560
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• 2014

Shaking tables are devices for testing structures or structural components models with a wide range of synthetic ground motions or real recorded earthquakes. They are essential tools in earthquake engineering research since they simulate the effects of the true inertial forces on the test specimens. The destructive earthquakes that occurred at the north part of Algeria during the period of 1954-2003 resulted in an initiative from the Algerian authorities for the construction of a shaking simulator at the National Earthquake Engineering Research Center, CGS. The acceleration tracking performance and specifically the inability of the earthquake simulator to accurately replicate the input signal can be considered as the main challenge during shaking table test. The objective of this study is to validate the uni-axial sinusoidal performances curves and to assess the accuracy and fidelity in signal reproduction using the advanced adaptive control techniques incorporated into the MTS Digital controller and software of the CGS shaking table. A set of shake table tests using harmonic and earthquake acceleration records as reference/commanded signals were performed for four test configurations: bare table, 60 t rigid mass and two 20 t elastic specimens with natural frequencies of 5 Hz and 10 Hz.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2017

이 연구에서는 유체저장탱크의 내진 설계 고도화에 활용하기 위하여 정사각형 수조의 슬러싱 진동대실험에 대한 상관해석을 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 CFD 프로그램인 ANSYS CFX를 이용하였다. CFD 해석 프로그램 검증을 위해 슬러싱 공진이 발생하는 운동에 대한 해석모델의 요소크기 및 난류모델에 대한 슬러싱응답의 민감도해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 수직방향 요소크기 뿐만 아니라 수평방향 요소크기에 따라 수위 예측에 민감한 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, SST 난류모델을 사용한 CFD해석 결과가 실험 결과와 매우 잘 일치하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이로부터 결정된 CFX 해석모델을 사용하여, 가진 주파수와 가진 진폭이 다른 3가지 실험 결과에 대하여 상관해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, CFD해석모델을 사용하여 지진해석을 수행할 경우, 슬러싱응답이 실험 결과와 매우 잘 일치하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.655-665
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• 2018

Shield tunnels are widely used throughout the world. However, their seismic performance has not been well studied. This paper focuses on the seismic response of a large scale model tunnel in compacted sand. A 9.3 m long, 3.7 m wide and 2.5 m high rigid box was filled with sand so as to simulate the sandy soil surrounding the tunnel. The setup was excited on a large-scale shake table. The model tunnel used was a 1:8 scaled model with a cross-sectional diameter of 900 mm. The effective shock absorbing layer (SAL) on the seismic response of the model tunnel was also investigated. The thickness of the tunnel lining is 60 mm. The earthquake motion recorded from the Kobe earthquake waves was used. The ground motions were scaled to have the same peak accelerations. A total of three peak accelerations were considered (i.e., 0.1 g, 0.2 g and 0.4 g). During the tests, the strain, acceleration and soil pressure on the surface of the tunnel were measured. In order to investigate the effect of shock absorbing layer on the dynamic response of the sand- tunnel system, two tunnel models were set up, one with and one without the shock absorbing layer of foam board were used. The results shows the longitudinal direction acceleration of the model tunnel with a shock absorbing layer were lower than those of model tunnel without the shock absorbing layer, Which indicates that the shock absorbing layer has a beneficial effect on the acceleration reduction. In addition, the shock absorbing layer has influence on the hoop strain and earth pressure of the model tunnel, this the effect of shock absorbing layer to the model tunnel will be discussed in the paper.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.85-88
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• 2006

This paper deals with shaking table tests on RC piers to evaluate the seismic performance under near fault motion. Small scale models were fabricated and axial force was applied by introducing prestress at the centroid of the column section. Mass effect of the superstructures was simulated by mass frame which was linked with a pier model by steel bars because of the limited payload of shaking table. Friction of the mass frame when it moves was minimized by special details and it was proved before tests. Scale factor of the RC piers was 4.25. Main parameters of the test were details of reinforcements. After verifying the results of shaking table tests, seismic performance was evaluated by increasing the acceleration of the near fault motion.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.451-458
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• 2008

근단층지반운동 (near fault ground motion, NFGM)은 일반적으로 진앙거리가 약 10 km 이내인 지역에서 관측되는 장주기 성분의 펄스 형태를 갖는 지반운동으로서 단층의 파열 진행 방향이 전단파의 진행방향과 일치한다. 이들 두 파가 유사한 속도를 갖을 경우 서로 간섭을 일으키어 펄스 형태의 속도파를 발생시키며 단층에 수직한 방향의 속도성분에서 큰 펄스가 발생한다. 강진 지역에서는 NFGM에 대하여 많은 연구가 수행되었으나 우리나라와 같은 중저진 지역에서는 매우 미흡한 실정이다. 최근 국내에서도 NFGM에 대한 모델링을 제시되었다. 따라서 이들이 발생할 경우의 피해에 대해 많은 관심이 고조되고 있다. 최근까지 국내에서 수행된 RC 교각에 대한 내진 실험은 축소 모형의 경우 국내에 있는 진동대 용량의 한계 및 지진에 의한 교각 상부 구조물의 가속력 구현 방법의 어려움 등으로 수행하기 힘든 여건이 있었다. 그리고 주로 원역지진지반가속도 (far fault ground motion, 이후 FFGM)를 모형화한 준정적 (Quasi-static) 혹은 유사동적 (Pseudo-dynamic) 실험으로 이루어져 왔다. 그 결과 RC교각은 내진성능을 위하여 충분한 연성도를 확보하고 있어야 하는데 소성힌지영역 내에 주철근의 겹침이음이 있게 되면 겹침이음부의 조기파괴가 발생하게 되어 세계 각국의 내진설계규정은 교각의 소성힌지구간에서 주철근겹침이음을 금지하고 있다. 따라서, 이 연구는 주철근의 겹침이음을 시험변수로 가진 RC 교각의 내진성능을 근단층지반운동에 대해서 평가하기 위해서 축소모형을 제작하고 진동대 실험을 수행하였다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.59-77
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• 2020

The code static eccentricity model for elastic torsional design of structures has two critical shortcomings: (1) the negation of the inertial torsional moment at the center of mass (CM), particularly for torsionally-unbalanced (TU) building structures, and (2) the confusion caused by the discrepancy in the definition of the design eccentricity in codes and the resistance eccentricity commonly used by engineers such as in FEMA454. To overcome these shortcomings, using the resistance eccentricity model that can accommodate the inertial torsional moment at the CM, interactive relations between shear and torsion are proposed as follows: (1) elastic responses of structures at instants of peak edge-frame drifts are given as functions of resistance eccentricity, and (2) elastic hysteretic relationships between shear and torsion in forces and deformations are bounded by ellipsoids constructed using two adjacent dominant modes. Comparison of demands estimated using these two interactive relations with those from shake-table tests of two TU building structures (a 1:5-scale five-story reinforced concrete (RC) building model and a 1:12-scale 17-story RC building model) under the service level earthquake (SLE) show that these relations match experimental results of models reasonably well. Concepts proposed in this study enable engineers to not only visualize the overall picture of torsional behavior including the relationship between shear and torsion with the range of forces and deformations, but also pinpoint easily the information about critical responses of structures such as the maximum edge-frame drifts and the corresponding shear force and torsion moment with the eccentricity.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.121-142
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• 2016

The national standard being used in Turkey for suspended ceiling systems (SCS) regulates material and dimensional properties but does not contain regulations regarding installation instructions which cause substandard applications of SCSs in practice. The lack of installation instructions would potentially affect the dynamic performance of these systems. Also, the vast majority of these systems are manufactured using substandard low-quality materials, and this will inevitably increase SCS related damages during earthquakes. The experimental work presented here focuses on the issue of dynamic performance of SCSs with different types of carrier systems (lay-on and clip-in systems), different weight conditions, and material-workmanship qualities. Moreover, the effects of auxiliary fastening elements, so called seismic perimeter clips, in improving the dynamic performance of SCSs were experimentally investigated. Results show that clip-in ceiling system performs better than lay-on system regardless of material and workmanship qualities. On the other hand, the quality aspect becomes the most important parameter in affecting the dynamic performance of lay-on type systems as opposed to tile weights and usage of perimeter clips. When high quality system is used, tile weight does not change the performance of lay-on system, however in poor quality system, tile weight becomes an important factor where heavier tiles considerably decrease the performance level. Perimeter clips marginally increase the dynamic performance of lay-on ceiling system, but it has no effect on the clip-in ceiling system under the shaking levels considered.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.141-158
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• 2005

A new design of distributed crack sensors based on the topological change of transmission line cables is presented for the condition assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) structures during and immediately after an earthquake event. This study is primarily focused on the performance of cable sensors under dynamic loading, particularly a feature that allows for some "memory" of the crack history of an RC member. This feature enables the post-earthquake condition assessment of structural members such as RC columns, in which the earthquake-induced cracks are closed immediately after an earthquake event due to gravity loads, and are visually undetectable. Factors affecting the onset of the feature were investigated experimentally with small-scale RC beams under cyclic loading. Test results indicated that both crack width and the number of loading cycles were instrumental in the onset of the memory feature of cable sensors. Practical issues related to dynamic acquisition with the sensors are discussed. The sensors were proven to be fatigue resistant from shake table tests of RC columns. The sensors continued to show useful performance after the columns can no longer support additional loads.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.137-154
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• 2014

Servohydraulic shaking tables are being increasingly used in the field of earthquake engineering. They play a critical role in the advancement of the research state and remain one of the valuable tools for seismic testing. Recently, the National Earthquake Engineering Research Center, CGS, has acquired a 6.1m x 6.1 m shaking table system which has a six degree-of-freedom testing capability. The maximum specimen mass that can be tested on the shaking table is 60 t. This facility is designed specially for testing a complete civil engineering structures, substructures and structural elements up to collapse or ultimate limit states. It can also be used for qualification testing of industrial equipments. The current paper presents the main findings of the experimental shake-down characterization testing of the CGS shaking table. The test program carried out in this study included random white noise and harmonic tests. These tests were performed along each of the six degrees of freedom, three translations and three rotations. This investigation provides fundamental parameters that are required and essential while elaborating a realistic model of the CGS shaking table. Also presented in this paper, is the numerical model of the shaking table that was established and validated.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2016

Building hardware joints are welded in most cases, which have risks of fire and explosion. Besides, the secondary damage of the destruction of the welded parts can be caused by the horizontal displacement of the structure due to earthquake or wind load. This paper compared the horizontal displacement following abilities of welded building hardware and non-welded building hardware. To do this, We conducted actual formation shake table test, and checked on the horizontal displacement following ability of structure by comparing their responses to earthquake load. We made the 2m-high framework to examine the responses of the actually constructed building hardwares, and analyzed the displacement responses of the welded-typed, non-welded-typed, and cruciform bracket building hardwares. We conducted the test by increasing acceleration rate until displacement reached 40mm corresponding to allowable relative story displacement II. The result of the test showed that the building hardware using welding work made cracking and breakage on welded connections of welded building hardware, but non-welded building hardware with no use of welding work and cruciform bracket building hardware make no problem, and that non-welded building hardware is superior to that of the welded building hardware in the horizontal displacement following ability due to earthquake or wind load.