• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 1996

To figure out the relation between the shade hours and the landscape tree growth in the apartment housing areas, the present sizes and planting positions of 4 tree species in Gwacheon-si apartment housing areas were surveyed. Then, shade hours were analyzed and the data were analyzed by simple linear regression method. As a whole, the R$^{2}$ was too low to generalize the regression equation. Therefore, it was presumed that the gravity of shade hours in landscape tree growth in this sample site was relatively lower than that of any other environmental factors. However, it was presumed that the characteristics of shade intolerant and tolerant tree were turned up, because Pinus strobus showed a low negative correlation with shade housm and Acer palmatum and Magnolia denudata showed a low positive correlation with shade hours generally. And, it was proved that the statistically significant cases were the tree diameter at root collar and tree sidth of Acer palmatum and tree width of Magnolia denudata with shade hours showing a low correlation coefficient less than 0.4.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.4
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• pp.469-476
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the growth and physiological response of shade intolerant and intermediate tree seedlings to enhanced UV-$B_{BE}$(biologically effective UV-B) radiation. The seedlings of Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara(shade intolerant species) and Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance(shade intermediate species) were treated with one of the three levels of UV-$B_{BE}$ dosages - ambient UV-$B_{BE}$, ambient+3.2, and ambient+$5.2\;KJ\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$) for 14 weeks in the field condition. Height and root collar diameter growth, leaf area, and biomass production of the seedlings of two species were reduced by enhanced UV-B radiation. Leaf stomatal resistance to water vapor of the F. rhynchophylla seedling was increased by the UV-B increment. The reductions in total chlorophyll and carotenoid were more apparent in the F. rhynchophylla than B. platyphylla seedling. There was no statistically significant changes in the concentration of UV-B absorbing compound($A_{300}$) in the leaves of the two species among the UV-B treatment. However the $A_{300}$ tented to be increased in F. rhynchophylla by enhanced UV-B radiation. These results indicate that the growth and the physiological and biochemical responses between B. platyphylla and F. rhynchophylla were different to enhanced UV-B environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.476-487
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• 2001

In this study, three tree species (Populus euramericana, Kalopanax pictus and Quercus serrata) exhibiting different levels of shade tolerance were employed to investigate photosynthetic responses to the lower light condition on forest floors. Chlorophyll contents, spectral properties and photosynthetic characteristics were examined by using the tree species grown under high light intensity (PPFD $920{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$) or low light intensity (PPFD $80{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$). Plants grown under the low light intensity tended to have reduced leaf area, chlorophyll content per unit leaf area, light absorption and respiration in the shade intolerant tree species of P. euramericana. However, the shade tolerant species K. pictus and Q. serrata showed increased leaf area, chlorophyll content and net apparent quantum yield. Therefore, light absorption and light utilization efficiency were improved under the low light intensity. Also shade tolerant species maintained activities of photosystems and $CO_2$ fixation systems with little changes in low light intensity condition.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.29-36
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• 2003

This paper concerned the application of improvement in Vivo of Traditional Method for determination of nitrate reductase (NR) activity of leaves to dominant tree species in five forest communities of northern aspect of Changbai Mountain. The results indicated that the NR activity of tree species was related to shade tolerance, and the intolerant tree species had higher NR activity. The NR of a species was also related to the vertical structure and ecological site condition. The tree species, which have higher NR activities should be selected for fast growing and high yield tree species.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.333-345
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• 2020

Background and objective: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on trees that can be used for planting design and construction for permanently shaded areas by grasping the growth status of trees according to the daylight conditions of the outdoor spaces of apartment complexes. Methods: On the recently completed apartment complexes, daylight conditions were analyzed by using daylight simulations utilizing Solar Access Analysis of Ecotect Analysis. With a criteria for assessment of tree condition, the defect rate of trees planted in permanently shaded areas and green spaces with good daylight conditions was analyzed to suggest trees applicable to permanently shaded areas. The first tree survey was conducted from November 18, 2019 to February 15, 2020, focusing on trees planted in permanently shaded areas, and the second tree survey of all the trees planted on the study sites including permanently shaded areas was conducted from March 16 to March 30, 2020. Results: Evergreen trees which are classified as shade intolerant trees including Pinus densiflora, Thuja occidentalis, and Abies holophylla showed a higher defect rate of trees among the trees planted in permanently shaded areas. Taxus cuspidata, Zelkova serrata, Cornus kousa, Chionanthus retusus and Acer palmatum which are classified as shade tolerant trees and shade moderate tolerance trees seemed to be able to be used in the plant design of permanently shaded areas in apartment complexes because the trees showed good growth and a low tree defect rate. In addition, although it was excluded from the analysis due to a small number of samples, Sorbus commixta and Prunus cerasifera var. atropurpurea also can be used for planting in permanently shaded areas. Conclusion: The daylight simulation technique used to analyze permanent shaded areas in this study can be used as an analysis tool considering the daylight environment at the stages of design and construction, and additional research will be required to analyze tree growth according to daylight conditions through data accumulation and monitoring by managing records throughout the entire life cycle of trees in the process of planting and maintenance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1965

It has already been noted that some tree species, denoted as tolerant species, endure to behavior shadiness in growth than those species, denoted as intolerant species, since this fact of tolerance must be involved in silvicultural practice, the present author, with pinus rigida, pinus Thunbergii, and Buxus koreana, investigated the relation of degree of shadiness to soil moisture condition. Because tolerant and intolerant trees must be considered from the standpoint of their ability to use any of the factors that are likely to be at low concentration in the dense or open forest. The observed results may be summarized as follows : 1. The ability of tolerance of the species to shadiness is differently concluded by the base with which the analysis was made, i.c. Height, growth, diameter growth, T-R ratio or dry matter increase and so on. Regarding this point root collar increment or dry matter increase were considered more reasonable bases for discussing the tolerability. 2. When total length growth, including both stem and root, is taken as standard for the comparison of the ability of tolerance for each species, higher soil moisture condition and thicker shadeniss lessened the ability of pinus rigida, seedlings. Pinus Thunbergii, showed. However more moisture resistant than pinus rigida. Buxus koreana, seemed to have stronger ability of tolerance than any others. 3. When total dry matter content taken as standard, the results obtained are given in Fig, 3. In pinus rigida, the soil moisture supplemented the lack of light.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2002

The study was carried out to determine the growth and biomass production of major deciduous trees including Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Betula schmidtii, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, Prunes sargentii, and Ligustrum obtusifolium subjected to artificial shade treatment in nursery field. The six deciduous trees seedlings grow for 2 years under different light intensity of 100%, 38-62%, 22-28%, 7-20%, and 2-6% of the full sun light intensity. The results were as follows; In the seedling heights and root collar diameters of shade intolerant species like Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Betula schmidtii, the relative growth rates of seedlings grown in full sun showed 2 times as compared with those subjected to the shade treatment of 2-6% light intensities of full sun. In the shade tolerant species like Acer mono ant Ligustrum obtusifolium, the growth performances were better in the seedlings grown in 38-62% light intensities of full sun. Total dry mass including the dry mass of leaves, shoot and root were as a whole decreased with shade treatment. The ratio of the dry mass of leaves and stem increased the dry mass of root. T/R ratio of the seedlings increased by decreasing the relative light intensity. And the T/R ratio of 2-6% light intensities of full sun was ranged from 1.1~5.0 were greater in the full sun light was ranged from 0.6~3.2. Light intensity by artificial shade treatment decreased in deciduous trees when compared on the whole, it showed tendency that SLA increases, increased that seeing resemblant tendency in LAR and LWR and changed of light intensity is strong, it increased that showed difference as statistical. But, LWR of Betula platyphylla var. japonica increased gradually and showed tendency that decreases rapidly in the shade treatment of 2-6% light intensities of full sun. This result is thought that biomass production decreased by shading treatment influenced in physiological characteristics such as leaf area and decrease of the leaf amount.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.198-207
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• 2000

The diurnal and seasonal changes of water potential and stomatal diffusive resistance were investigated with the effects of shade treatment to elucidate the water relations of the one year old seedlings of Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, and Prunus sargentii subjected to five levels of artificial shade treatments from full sun to nearly full shading of 2-6% relative light transmittance. Stomatal diffusive resistance measured in the four deciduous hardwood species studied changed variously by growing season and by species with the five shade treatments in the ranges of 1.7~25.1s/cm in 9 a.m., 2.3~33.3s/cm in 1 p.m., and 1.1~36.8s/cm in 5 p.m.. The measurements of stomatal diffusive resistance increased with increasing the shading, and were higher in September than in June or July in most of the species studied. The stomatal diffusive resistance measured in Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, and Prunus sargentii seemed to be approximately 3~4 times higher in nearly full shading treatment than in full sun. Water potential also changed variously by growing season and by species with five different shade treatments in the ranges of -0.17~-1.20MPa in 9 a. m., -0.30~-2.03MPa in 1 p. m., and -0.18~-1.34MPa in 5 p.m., respectively. On the reverse of stomatal diffusive resistance, the measurements of water potential were lower in September than in June or July in most of the species studied, and the seasonal differences were especially greater in Zelkova serrata comparing with the other species. The water potential seemed to be higher of approximately 2~3 times in nearly full shading treatment than in full sun in all of the species studied, but the differences among the shading treatments were less in water potential than in stomatal diffusive resistance. The differences of water potential following the gradient of five shading treatment seemed to be less in Betula platyphylla var. japonica than in the other species. In Acer mono and Prunus sargentii being some shade tolerant species, the water potential increased rapidly through about noontime with raising the shading level from full sun to the intermediate shading level of 22-28% relative light transmittance, but slowly with closing to full shading. In Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Zelkova serrata being shade intolerant species, the water potential increased gradually throughout the shading levels and the increment ranges were greater in Zelkova serrata than in Betula platyphylla var. japonica.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.597-604
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• 2008

Recognizing the necessity of the development of ecologically sound silvicultural system for the mature Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), this study was carried out to examine the invasion and growth of understory vegetation after partial cutting. In 1997, the age class VII Korean pine forest in the Experimental Forest of Kangwon National University was opened up about 50% by modified shelterwood cutting with site preparation to induce succeeding regenerations. After 10 years, plenty of hardwood have come to the stand, forming understory vegetation. The abundance and composition of understory vegetation was periodically investigated in the ten $10m{\times}10m$ permanent sample plots, estimating importance values, species diversity index and the distribution of diameter and height of the understory vegetation. Encouraged by canopy opening, the coverage of understory reached perfect closure, composed of 22 tree species and 20 shrub species in 2007. Morus bombycis occupied 29.6% of the total importance value and Cornus controversa was 17.0%, followed by Styrax obassia, Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Pinus koraiensis. In the year of 2000 the species diversity was highest as 2.547 with 26 tree species and deceasing thereafter, showing 2.220 with 22 tree species in 2007. As understory layer was thickly covered and got grow bigger, some shade intolerant species were disappeared, lowering species diversity. In 2007 the biggest tree was a Quercus aliena with 11.3 cm of DBH and the tallest tree was a Cornus controversa with 9.8m of height. The frequency distribution of number of trees by diameter and height classes formed the inverted-J-shaped curve, supposed to be typical uneven-aged stand.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.618-629
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate ecological niche of Quercus acuta communities in Bogildo-island from July to October, 1998. This island is occupied by a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. The study on community ecology of Q. acuta, mostly dominant species of subtropical forests, is very important for successful forest management. Sampling areas were selected in 16 quadrats, dominated by Q. acuta to examine the vegetation characteristics(plant identification, D.B.H.) and environmental elements (microtopography, altitude, slope degree, aspect, illumination and soil physicochemical properties). On the basis of data from field surveys, importance values were calculated for the dominance of Q. acuta and volume growth was analyzed by tree ring widths. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The lists of vascular plants in the investigations were identified as 54 families, 91 genera, 113 species, 9 varieties, 1 formae. It appeared that 45 kinds were evergreen, 6 kinds(Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Eurya japonica, Smilax china, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Carex lanceolata) were commonly observed in all plots and 5 species(Cinnamomum japonicum, Ardisia japonica, Cymbidium goeringii, Dryopteris bissetiana, Viburnum erosum) were most highly observed in all plots(over 80%). 2. The dominating species per strata were, Quercus acuta, Castanopsis cuspidata sp. Quercus salicina, Pinus thunbergii, Prunus sargentii in tree layer, Camellia Japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Quercus acuta, Eurya japonica, Castanopsis cuspidata sp. in subtree layer, Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Smilax china, Cinnamomum japonicum, Viburnum erosum in shrub layer and Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Ardisia japonica, Carex lanceolata, Camellia japonica(seedlings), Quercus acuta(seedlings) in herb layer, all in descending orders. 3. Quercus acuta could be suggested as shade intolerant tree, considering the distribution in southern, western, nothern and eastern slopes in the descending orders. 4. Mean relative illumination in the forest is 0.89 % and it is relatively low in brightness. 5. Sustainment of Quercus acuta community couldn't be confirmed by judging from their reverse J curve in even-aged forest, as shown in D.B.H. distribution analysis. 6. The result of annual ring width analysis(mean ; 2.44 mm) showed three stages, such as a gentle increasing(1~12 year ; 2.04 mm), a relatively steep increasing(13~22 year ; 2.95 mm) and decreasing or stagnating(23 year after ; 2.41 mm).