• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권22호
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• pp.9805-9812
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• 2014

Radixin, a member of the ERM (ezrin-radixin-moesin) family, plays important roles in cell motility, invasion and tumor progression. It is expressed in a variety of normal and neoplastic cells, including many types of epithelial and lymphoid examples. However, its function in glioblastomas remains elusive. Thus, in this study, radixin gene expression was first examined in the glioblastoma cells, then suppressed with a lentivirus-mediated short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) method.We found that there were high levels of radixin expression in glioblastoma U251cells. Radixin shRNA caused down-regulation of radixin gene expression and when radixin-silenced cells were implanted into nude mice, tumor growth was significantly inhibited as compared to blank control cells or nonsense shRNA cells. In addition, microvessel density in the tumors was significantly reduced. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and E-cadherin were up-regulated in radixin- suppressed glioblastoma U251 cells. In contrast, MMP9 was down-regulated. Taken together, our findings suggest that radixin is involved in GBM cell migration and invasion, and implicate TSP-1, E-cadherin and MMP9 as metastasis-inducing factors.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.753-759
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• 2012

Radixin, encoded by a gene on chromosome 11, plays important roles in cell motility, invasion and tumor progression. However, its function in pancreatic cancer remains elusive. In this study, radixin gene expression was suppressed with a lentivirus-mediated short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) method. We found that radixin shRNA caused down-regulation of radixin in PANC-1 cells, associated with inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, survival, adhesion and invasive potential in vitro. When radixin-silenced cells were implanted in nude mice, tumor growth and microvessel density were significantly inhibited as compared to blank control cells or nonsense shRNA control cells. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and E-cadherin were up-regulated in radixin-silenced PANC-1 cells. Our results suggest that radixin might play a critical role in pancreatic cancer progression, possibly through invvolvement of down-regulation of TSP-1 and E-cadherin expression.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.286-292
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• 2012

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is currently used in adjuvant differentiation-based treatment of residual or relapsed neuroblastoma (NB). It has been reported that short-term ATRA treatment induces migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y via transglutaminase-2 (Tgase-2). However, the detailed mechanism of Tgase-2's involvement in NB cell invasion remains unclear. Therefore we investigated the role of Tgase-2 in invasion of NB cells using SH-SY5Y cells. ATRA dose-dependently induced the invasion of SH-SY5Y cells. Cystamine (CTM), a well known tgase inhibitor suppressed the ATRA-induced invasion of SH-SY5Y cells in a dose-dependent manner. Matrix metalloproteinase -9 (MMP-9) and MMP-2, well known genes involved in invasion of cancer cells were induced in the ATRA-induced invasion of the SH-SH5Y cells. Treatment of CTM suppressed the MMP-9 and MMP-2 enzyme activities in the ATRA-induced invasion of the SH-SY5Y cells. To confirm the involvement of Tgase-2, gene silencing of Tgase-2 was performed in the ATRA-induced invasion of the SH-SH5Y cells. The siRNA of Tgase-2 suppressed the MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity of the SH-SY5Y cells. MMP-2 and MMP-9 are well known target genes of NF-${\kappa}B$. Therefore the relationship of Tgase-2 and NF-${\kappa}B$ in the ATRA-induced invasion of the SH-SY5Y cells was examined using siRNA and CTM. ATRA induced the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ in the SH-SY5Y cells and CTM suppressed the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$. Gene silencing of Tgase-2 suppressed the MMP expression by ATRA. These results suggested that Tgase-2 might be a new target for controlling the ATRA-induced invasion of NBs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권14호
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• pp.5577-5582
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• 2014

Objective: To observe the effects of metastasis-associated tumor gene family 2 (MTA2) depletion on human breast cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Methods: A short-hairpin RNA targeting MTA2 was chemically synthesized and transfected into a lentivirus to construct Lv-shMTA2 for infection into the MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cell line. At 48 hours after infection cells were harvested and mRNA and protein levels of MTA2 were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Cell viability and metastasis were assessed by CCK-8, wound-healing assay and Transwell assay, respectively. In addition, a xenograft model of human breast cancer was constructed to investigate cancerous cell growth and capacity for metastasis. Results: After infection with Lv-shMTA2, mRNA and protein levels of MTA2 was significantly reduced (p<0.05) and MDA-MB231 cell proliferation and metastasis were inhibited (p<0.05). In addition, mean tumor size was smaller than that in control group nude mice (p<0.05) and numbers of metastatic deposits in lung were lower than in control group mice (p<0.05). Depletion of MTA2 affected MMP-2 and apoptosis-related protein expression. Conclusions: For the first time to our knowledge we showed that MTA2 depletion could significantly inhibit human breast cancer cell growth and metastasis, implying that MTA2 might be involved in the progression of breast cancer. The role of MTA2 in breast cancer growth and metastasis might be linked with regulation of matrix metalloproteinase and apoptosis.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1273-1279
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• 2015

경상남도 남해군 연안의 해수를 이용하여 신규의 한천분해 해양성세균을 분리하고 한천분해효소의 특징을 분석하였다. Marine agar 2216 배지에서 분리한 SH-1 균주는 16S rRNA 유전자 염기서열분석을 통해 Simiduia 속 세균과 99% 유사하여 Simiduia sp. SH-1으로 명명하였다. Simiduia sp. SH-1 균주가 생성하는 한천분해효소는 성장의존성 산물로 판단되었으며 정체기부터 효소활성이 감소되었다. 한천분해효소는 pH 7.0(20 mM Tris-HCl buffer), 30℃에서 최대활성(698.6 units/l)을 나타내었다. 효소의 활성은 30℃에서 최적이었고 이후 온도가 증가함에 따라 활성이 감소하였으며, 40℃와 50℃에서 각각 약 90%와 75%의 상대활성을 보였으나 내열성은 보이지 않았다. 최적 pH인 pH 7.0에 비해 pH 6.0에서는 오차범위 내에서 조금 낮은 활성을 보였으며 pH 5.0과 pH 8.0에서는 각각 80%와 75% 정도의 상대활성을 보였다. TLC 분석을 통하여 Simiduia sp. SH-1 균주가 생성하는 한천분해효소는 agarose를 분해하여 피부의 미백활성, 전분노화의 방지 및 세균성장의 억제 등의 유용한 효과를 가지는 기능성 한천올리고당인 neoagarotetraose와 neoagarobiose를 최종적으로 생성하는 β-agarase로 확인되었다. 따라서, Simiduia sp. SH-1 균주와 이 균주가 생산하는 β-agarase는 산업적 생산에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.3061-3065
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• 2015

Background: Rac3, a member of the Rac family of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), regulates a variety of cell functions, including the organization of the cytoskeleton, cell migration, and invasion. Overexpression of Rac3 has been reported in several human cancers. However, the role of Rac3 in lung cancer (LC) has not been determined in detail. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of silencing of Rac3 expression in human LC cells and the consequences for cell survival. Materials and Methods: Lentivirus small hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference techniques were utilized to knock down the Rac3 gene. Gene and protein expression was quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. LC cell apoptosis was examined by annexin V-APC /propidium iodide staining. Results: Efficient silencing of Rac3 strongly inhibited A549 cell proliferation and colony formation ability, and significantly decreased tumor growth. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis showed that knockdown of Rac3 led to G2/M phase cell cycle arrest as well as an excess accumulation of cells in the G1 and S phase. Conclusions: Thus, functional analysis using shRNAs revealed a critical role for Rac3 in the tumor growth of LC cells. shRNA silencing of Rac3 could provide an effective strategy to treat LC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1183-1189
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• 2017

Objective: Owing to the public availability of complete genome sequences, including avian species, massive bioinformatics analyses may be conducted for computational gene prediction and the identification of gene regulatory networks through various informatics tools. However, to evaluate the biofunctional activity of a predicted target gene, in vivo and in vitro functional genomic analyses should be a prerequisite. Methods: Due to a lack of quail genomic sequence information, we first identified the partial genomic structure and sequences of the quail SH3 domain containing ring finger 2 (SH3RF2) gene. Subsequently, SH3RF2 was knocked out using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas9 technology and single cell-derived SH3RF2 mutant sublines were established to study the biofunctional activity of SH3RF2 in quail myoblast (QM7) cells during muscle differentiation. Results: Through a T7 endonuclease I assay and genotyping analysis, we established an SH3RF2 knockout (KO) QM7#4 subline with 61 and 155 nucleotide deletion mutations in SH3RF2. After the induction of myotube differentiation, the expression profiles were analyzed and compared between regular QM7 and SH3RF2 KO QM7#4 cells by global RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Conclusion: We did not detect any statistically significant role of SH3RF2 during myotube differentiation in QM7 myoblast cells. However, additional experiments are necessary to examine the biofunctional activity of SH3RF2 in cell proliferation and muscle growth.

• BMB Reports
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• 제44권9호
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• pp.595-600
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• 2011

Pax 6, a member of the paired box (Pax) family, has been implicated in oncogenesis. However, its therapeutic potential has been never examined in breast cancer. To explore the role of Pax6 in breast cancer development, a lentivirus based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) delivery system was used to knockdown Pax6 expression in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (MCF-7) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells. Effect of Pax6 silencing on breast cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis was analyzed. Pax6-RNAi-lentivirus infection remarkably downregulated the expression levels of Pax6 mRNA and protein in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Accordingly, the cell viability, DNA synthesis, and colony formation were strongly suppressed, and the tumorigenesis in xenograft nude mice was significantly inhibited. Moreover, tumor cells were arrested at G0/G1 phase after Pax6 was knocked down. Pax6 facilitates important regulatory roles in breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression, and could serve as a diagnostic marker for clinical investigation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.2341-2345
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between prognosis and protein and mRNA expression of an apoptotic inhibitor gene, survivin, in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Furthermore, functions of the survivin gene in the CNE2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line were assessed. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used in detecting the survivin protein and mRNA in 44 nasopharyngeal carcinoma specimens, and 30 chronic nasopharyngitis samples as controls. Survivin gene expression in CNE2 cell line was suppressed with an shRNA (short hairpin RNA). The positive ratios of expression for survivin protein and mRNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma were 79.5% and 75.0% respectively, obviously higher than in the control group (p<0.01), and there is very good consistency between the two methods. The mean survival time of patients with higher survivin protein or mRNA expression was shorter than in patients with lower levelsv(p<0.01). Proliferation of the CNE2 cell line was distinctly inhibited by the shRNA. The results indicate that overexpression of the survivin gene plays an important role in onset and development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and it may be helpful for prognostic appraisal.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.729-735
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 생약복합제제인 SH21B의 adipogenesis 억제 효능에 대한 상세한 분자적 메커니즘을 3T3-L1 지방세포를 이용하여 밝히는 데 있다. 실험에 사용된 SH21B는 7가지 생약성 천연물질인, 황금, 행인, 마황, 석창포, 포황, 원지 및 하엽으로 이루어졌다. 최근, 본 연구진에 의해 3T3-L1을 이용한 in vitro 연구와 마우스를 이용한 in vivo 연구에서 SH21B의 adipogenesis 억제효능이 밝혀진 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 3T3-L1 지방세포가 분화될 때 작용하는 다양한 지방세포형성 조절자들의 유전자 발현이 SH21B에 의해 어떻게 변하는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 실시간중합효소반응(real time PCR) 기술을 이용하여 SH21B를 처리한 지방세포와 그렇지 않은 지방세포를 비교한 결과, 최종마커인 ADIPOQ와 SLC2A4의 유전자 발현이 SH21B에 의해 급격하게 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 최종마커의 발현을 유도하는 핵심전사인자인 $PPAR{\gamma}$와 C/$EBP{\alpha}$의 유전자 발현 역시 SH21B의 처리 시 유의하게 억제되었다. 좀 더 상세한 분자적 메커니즘을 규명하기 위해, 핵심전사인자의 상위에 위치한 다양한 조절자들의 유전자 발현을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 여러 지방세포형성 유도조절자 중, Krox20과 KLF15의 유전자 발현이 SH21B 처리에 의해 유의하게 감소된 반면, C/$EBP{\beta}$와 KLF5의 유전자 발현은 SH21B 처리에 영향을 받지 않았다. 그리고 지방세포형성 억제조절자인 KLF2와 CHOP의 유전자 발현은 SH21B 처리에 의해 유의하게 증가되었다. 이러한 결과들은 SH21B의 지방세포형성 억제효능이 지방세포의 분화에 작용하는 다양한 상위조절자 중 지방세포형성 유도조절자인 Krox20과 KLF15 그리고 지방세포형성 억제조절자인 KLF2와 CHOP 등의 유전자 발현이 변화되면서 일어나는 복합적인 반응의 결과임을 제시한다.