• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.391-403
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• 2007

The study was conducted to assess the repeated dose and reproduction and developmental toxicities of acetanilide, an intermediate for drug production, as a part of OECD Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) program. The test agent was administered by gavage at dose levels of 0, 22, 67, 200 and 600 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley rats (12/group/sex) during pre-mating and mating period for males(up to 30 days) and females and pregnancy and early lactation period for females (up to 39-50 days). At 22 mg/kg, decreases in HGB, HCT (males) and MCHC (females), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp, hyperplasia of femur bone marrow (both sexes) were observed. At 67 mg/kg, salivation (males), reduced food consumption (both sexes), decreases in RBC, HGB, HCT and MCHC (males), increases in MCV (males) and spleen weight (males), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp and femur bone marrow (both sexes) were observed. At 200 mg/kg, decreases in locomotor activity and salivation (both sexes), reduced food consumption (both sexes), decreases in RBC, HGB, HCT and increases in MCV, MCH, BUN, T-BIL (males), enlargement of spleen (both sexes), increased weight of spleen (males), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp and femur bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis of liver (both sexes), atrophy of thymus and corpus luteum hyperplasia of ovary (females) were observed. At 600 mg/kg, decreases in locomotor activity, cyanosis (both sexes), reddish tear, and salivation (males), mortality (4 out of 12 females), decreased body weight (females), reduced food consumption (both sexes), decreases in RBC, HGB, HCT and MCHC and increases in WBC, MCV, MCH, reticulocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, AST, ALT, BUN, T-BIL, ALB, Ca and A/G ratio (males), enlargement of spleen, increased weights of spleen (both sexes), liver (males), kidney and ovary, decreased weights of thymus (females), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp, hyperplasia of femur bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis of liver (both sexes), and atrophy of thymus and corpus luteum hyperplasia of ovary (females) were observed. Regarding the reproduction and development toxicities, there were no treatment-related changes in precoital time, mating index, fertility index and pregnancy index at all doses tested. At 22 and 67 mg/kg, there were no adverse effects on all the parameters observed. At 200 mg/ kg, decreased body weight of pups (day 4 p.p.) were observed. At 600 mg/kg, decreased body weight of pups (day 0 and 4 p.p.) and viability index (day 4 p.p.), increased incidence of newborns dead or with abnormal clinical signs were observed. The results suggest that the NOAELs for general toxicity are < 22 mg/kg, LOAELs are 22 mg/kg and the NOAELs for reproductive toxicity are 67 mg/kg.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.3 s.43
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• pp.129-148
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• 2005

The plan type of Korean protestant church architecture underwent changes as following five stages according to the changes of the distinction between the sexes. First stage - At the beginning of missionary work in Korea, Koreans generally worshiped in missionary houses which were traditional Korean styles. The plan type of these houses was a simple '-' figure. At that time, men and women worshiped separately because of the idea of the distinction between the sexes. They either worshiped in different places at the same time or in the same place at the different time. Second stage - At this stage, men and women started to worship together in the same place. At the beginning of this stage, men sat in the front of the chapel on a rostrum, and women sat behind the men. The plan type of the chapel was a simple '-' or a rectangular figure. Later, they sat separately on the right and left side. There are the visual interceptions which were set up between them. As the number of church members increased rapidly, a new type of church architecture appeared. It was a 'ㄱ' figure. At that time the entrances were separated by the sexes. Third stage - At this stage, the visual interceptions disappeared as the idea of the distinction between the sexes became weak. As new churches had been constructed by the plan type of rectangular figure, the visual interceptions weren't set up anymore. Fourth stage - At this stage, the separated entrances were unified as one. But the arrangement of their seats didn't change because of the old idea of the distinction between the sexes. Fifth stage - In the final stage, the plan type of the church architecture was not determined by the idea of the distinction between the sexes but social, economical, technological facts and the influence of the foreign architecture. At this stage, new and various kinds of the plan type appeared such as the fan, round, squared, or oval figure as well as the rectangular figure. Men and women were not classified anymore. They started to sit and worship together in the same place. Also, when men and women sat separately from side to side because of the Idea of the distinction between the sexes, men sat on the right and women sat on the left side of rostrum. It didn't applied Confucian ideas but the idea of protestant church; protestant churches have the idea that the right side is more important but it does not in Confucianism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1281-1285
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• 2004

A line of Japanese quail selected for increased body weight for 15 generations (C) and an unselected control line (K) were used to examine the impact of selection for body weight on the growth curve of Japanese quail. In addition, the effect of sex on the growth curve in each line was also studied, namely females of C (CF), males of C (CM), females of K (KF) and males of K (KM). The monophasic and diphasic growth models were studied for adequacy in describing growth curves of quail in both sexes of the C and K lines. The monophasic function provided almost the same growth rate for both sexes in both lines. However, the growth rates calculated by means of the diphasic function differed between sexes for both lines, except for those calculated for C during the second growth phase. While there were 2-3 days difference between sexes in age at maximum gain in both lines with a monophasic model, the difference between sexes in the age at maximum gain in both lines became greater according to the diphasic model. There were 5 and 7 days difference between sexes in the age at maximum gain in line C for the first and second growth phases, respectively. A difference between sexes of 18 and 11 days in the age at maximum gain for the first and second phases, respectively, was estimated for line K when the diphasic function was fitted. The use of diphasic functions provides more detailed information on growth patterns. The results showed that the use of the diphasic function was better because it provided greater insights into understanding the biology of growth.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2002

This paper serves to analyze the points of views un women in enlightenment discourse of the equality of sexes during the enlightenment period of Korea (1860 1910). The discourses of newspapers that are the text of this study have been analyzed with qualitative research technique. The major conclusions that are derived from the study are as follows. First, enlightenment discourse of the equality of sexes criticized women’s inferior status in family and in society. Second, the discourse, however, claimed the women's rights with the view of national interests, which meant that the ultimate goal of the discourse was not the enhancement of women's rights. Women during the enlightenment period were recognized as a member of a nation while they should also role as a member of If. The discourse also claimed that the equality of sexes could be realized through education and emphasized especially women's role as a mother who should raise a member of a nation. Third, enlightenment discourse would not understand the women's every day lives that resulted in demanding women more roles in the name of civilization.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.338-351
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• 1991

The analysis of the absolute growth in seven body parts of crayfish (Cumbaroides similis Koelbel), such as carapace length, carapace width, abdominal length, abdominal width, sheliped length, second pereiopod length and third pereiopod length (the grolwth formula, y : a + bt ~ci applied) was performed. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The analyses of changing growth quantity for the seven body parts in both sexes showed concave shaped increase. 2. The largest ratios of the grourth quantity in both sexes were revealed in abdominal width (18.3677 times in male and 18.9253 times in female). 3. The srolwth rates of the seven body parts in both sexes showed a smooth increasing pattern. 4. 각B the sperifn'cgrouch rates revealed a decreasing pattern, moreover steep descendent patterns of it appeared in abdominal length of both sexes and abdominal width in male.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.19-31
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• 1974

In oder to study the correlation between daily urinary output of sodium chloride and blood pressure, twenty four hour urine samples were collected from 224 cases (70 male and 154 female) of healthy Koreans whose age varied from 18 to 70 years old. The volume and concentration of sodium, chloride and potassium and total nitrogen were measured, along with the resting blood pressure. Results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Daily urinary output was increased as a function of age. However, daily urinary output per unit sulface area was maintained at approximately 800 to 900 $ml/m^2$ in all age groups of male and it increased as a function of age in female groups. There was no significant difference between male and female. 2. The daily urinary sodium concentration was decreased gradually acceding to age in both sexes. Daily excretion of sodium was constant regardless of age in both sexes but especially high in 25-39 year female age group, which was slightly greater in males than in females. 3. The daily urinary chloride concentration was at approximately 250 meq/L in all age groups of male and which decreased as a function of age in females. 4. Hence the daily urinary output of sodium chloride was constant in all age groups of males which increased as a function of age in female groups. However, daily excretion of sodium chloride per unit sulface area was maintained at approximately 11 $gm/m^2$ in males and which increased as a function of age in females. 5. The daily urinary excretion of potassium was constant regardless of age in both sexes. 6. Urinary K/Na ratio was maintained at approximately 0.27 in males and 0.33 in females. 7. The daily urinary output of total nitrogen amount was approximately $8{\sim}10$ gm in males and $7{\sim}9$ gm in females. However, daily urinary output of nitrogen per unit sulface area was constant regardless of age in both sexes. 8. The systolic blood pressure was increased gradually according to the age in both sexes and was higher for males than females under 40 years of age. However, there was no significant difference between both sexes in ages over 40 years. 9. Quantitative comparisons indicated that daily urinary output and sodium chloride excretion are higher while daily potassium output, nitrogen excretion and urinary K/Na ratio are significantly lower among Koreans than a among Occidentals. These findings suggest that average Koreans live on low-protein and high-salt diet throughout their livers. Statistical result obtained may he summarized as follows; 10. The relation between blood pressure and sodium concentration of urine. The correlation between systolic blood pressure and sodium concentration was negatively associated for both sexes and the correlation coefficient was significant for females $({\gamma}_1=-.19<-{\gamma}_{152},\;_{0.05}=-0.159)$ and it was not significant for males $({\gamma}_1=-.19>-{\gamma}_{68},\;_{0.05}=-0.232)$ tut may be due to the sample size for males. The correlation between diastolic blood Pressure and sodium concentration was negatively associated for both sexes and the correlation coefficient was significant for males $({\gamma}_1=-.37<-{\gamma}_{68},\;0.05=-0.232)$ and the relation was not significant for females $({\gamma}_1=-.11>-{\gamma}_{152},\;_{0.05}=-0.159)$. 11. The relation between blood pressure and daily urinary sodium chloride excretion. The association between systolic blood pressure and sodium chloride excretion was positively correlated for both sexes and the relation was significant for females $({\gamma}_1=.20>{\gamma}_{152},\;_{0.05}= 0.159)$ and it was insignificant for males $({\gamma}_1=.09<{\gamma}_{68},\;_{0.05}=0.232)$, The relation between diastolic blood pressure and sodium chloride excretion was positively associated and insignificant for both sexes males $({\gamma}_1=.17<{\gamma}_{68},\;_{0.05}=0.232)$ and females $({\gamma}_1=.09<{\gamma}_{152},\;_{0.05}=0. 159)$. 12. The relation between daily urinary nitrogen excretion and sodium chloride excretion. The association between daily nitrogen excretion and sodium chloride excretion was positively significant for both sexes, males $({\gamma}_1=.31>{\gamma}\;_{68},\;_{0.05}=0.232)$ and females $({\gamma}_1=.36>{\gamma}_{-152},\;_{0.05}=0.159)$.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.161-172
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• 1997

In order to assess the physical growth and development, and nutritional status of primary, middle and high school students in the city of Seoul, physiques of 4, 041 persons(Male : 2, 096, Female: 1, 945) were measured from March 1 to July 31 in 1995 and variouis physical and nutritional indices, maximum growth age related to them were calculated. The results are as follows: 1. Physical Growth and Development The growth of body height showed straight linear development among male in the ages 7~16 and among female 7~14, and after that showed slower development. The age of cross over between two sexes was between 11.5 to 12.5 years of age. The maximum growth age was between 11 and 12 years of age(7.28cm) in male and between 11 aqnd 12 years of age(9.77cm) in female. In terms of body weight, it also showed straight linear development among male in the ages 7~16 and among female 7~14, and after that showed slower development. The maximum growth age was between 11 and 12 years of age(7.64kg) in male and between 11 and 12 years of age(8.l9kg) in female. In terms of chest girth, it showed two step development among male in the age of 7~13 and 13~17, and among female in the age of 7~14 and 14~17. The age of cross over between two sexes was 11 and 12 years of age. In terms of sitting height, it showed two step development in the age of 7~14 and 14~17 of both sexes and the age of cross over between two sexes was between 10.5 to 14.5 years of age. The maximum growth age was between 11 and 12 years of age(3.64cm) in male and between 11 and 12 years of age(5.98cm) in female. 2. Maximum Growth Age of Physical Growth and Development In body height, MGA was 10.59 for male and 10.34 for female which showed that MGA for both sexes appeared in similar periods. In body weight, MGA was 10.30 for male and 10.30 for female which showed that MGA for both sexes appeared in similar periods. In chest-girth, MGA was 14.74 for male and 11.60 for female which showed that MGA for female appeared about 3 years earlier than for male. In sitting height, MGA was 11.69 for male and 11.38 for female which showed that MGA for both sexes appeared in similar periods. Maximum growth ages of physiques appeared in order of body height 〉 body weight 〉 sitting height 〉 chest-girth.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.874-880
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• 1996

The effects of an anabolic steroid, nandrolone phenylpropionate(NPP), on body weight gain and body protein, and muscle protein metabolism were inestigated in adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH)-treated male and female rats. Daily injections of 100ug/day of ACTH for 7-8 days caused a cessation of growth in females and a net loss of body weight in males which were associated with significant reductions in body protein content. However, food intake was not affected by ACTH in either sex. The weight, protein content and fractional rate of protein synthesis, measured in vivo, of gastrocnemius muscle were all significantly reduced in both sexes. NPP at a dose of 4mg/kg body weight prevented the reduction in body weight gain in ACTH-treate females but not in males. However, boy protein content was increased by NPP in both sexes which was associated with increases in the weight, protein content and fractional rate of protein synthesis of gastrocnemius muscle. ACTH treatment caused a marked increase in plasma concentrations of corticosterone in both sexes. NPP suppressed much of the increases in corticosterone concentrations in both sexes. The results of the present study suggest that NPP exerts at least part of its anabolic effect by reducing plasma concentrations of catabolic glucocorticoid hormones, through suppressing the response of the adrenals to ACTH.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.725-729
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• 1972

Ist permanent molars of 3340(1717;1623) primary school children in Kyung Nam and Kang Won province were observed. The results were as follows: 1. In dental health index of permanent 1st molars, male was 98.89, female 97.75, both sexes 95.95 in Kang Won and male was 97.94, female 96.25, both sexes 97.09 in Kyung Nam province. 2. In D.M.F. index, male was 1.11, female 2.25, both sexes 1.68 in Kang Won and male was 2.06, female 3.75, both sexes 2.91 in Kyung Nam province. 3. Female was generally lower than male in dental health index and male was higher than female in D.M.F. index. 4. Epidemiologically, Kang Won was higher than Kyung Nam province in dental health index. 5. In D.M.F. index, Kang Won province was lowest than other districts; city and farm and fishing village. In dental health index, it was increased in Kyung Nam and next was Kang Won province.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 1997

A study was conducted on the effects of ploughing on physiological responses of male and female Bali-cattle. A $2{\times}2{\times}6{\times}8$ factorial design (2 seasons, 2 sexes, 6 days and 8 consecutive time of measurements every 30 minutes) was employed. Responses during the cool/humid season were lower than hot/dry; respiration rate (RR) was 52 vs 75/min, rectal temperature(RT) was 39.1 vs $39.5^{\circ}C$ and skin temperature (ST) was 37.1 vs $37.6^{\circ}C$. Within sexes, males were less tolerant than females in that their RR (66 vs 61 breath/min), RT (39.4 vs $39.2^{\circ}C$) and ST (37.6 vs $37.1^{\circ}C$) were each higher than females during work. With increasing time, during the average 2.5 h working period gradual increases in RR, RT and ST were recorded and the overall increases of 84 breath/min, $1.9^{\circ}C$ and $13.8^{\circ}C$ respectively (p < 0.001). Packed cell volume (PCV) data indicated significant difference between sexes, time and season (p < 0.001, p < 0.05 and p < 0.001 respectively). Within time (before and after 2.5 h working) the PCV decreased from 27.4 to 25.6%.