• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.130-139
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• 2000

This study is intended to set the criteria for the classification of prescription and non-prescription drugs, and classify hospital pharmacy formulations according to the criteria. 717 hospital pharmacy formulations were collected ken the Center for review and evaluation of health insurance, and national provincial offices. Hospital pharmacy formulations were evaluated based on the 'Guidelines on the Hospital Pharmacy Formulations (Notification No. 2000-46)'by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Drug classification advisory committee was composed of twelve medical and pharmaceutical specialists, and suggested opinions on the drug classification. Among 717 formulations, 651 drugs $(90.8\%)$ satisfied the basic conditions for the hospital pharmacy formulations. 312 formulations $(43.5\%)$ were classified as drugs for the disinfection and tests. For the rest of them, 231 formulations were classified as prescription drugs whereas 108 drugs were as non-prescription drugs. 56 non-prescription drugs were included as hospital formulations, because there were no therapeutic alternatives. Iu sum 599 drugs $(83.5\%)$ were suggested as hospital pharmacy formulations. The study also recommends pharmaceutical companies to produce drugs of limited commercial value, and doctors to change their unique prescribing behavior in order to prevent the abuse of hospital pharmacy formulations.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제33권
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• pp.55-62
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• 2021

목 적: 방사선 피부염은 유방암 방사선 치료로 인해 발생하는 가장 흔한 부작용 중 하나로 본 연구는 자세오차에 따른 피부선량 차이를 분석하여 방사선 치료 부작용을 줄이고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 3D 프린터를 이용하여 유방 모형을 제작하고, 그것을 팬텀에 적용하였으며, 컴퓨터단층촬영을 통해 영상을 획득하였다. 처방선량의 95%가 들어가는 치료계획용적이 체적의 95%이상이 될 수 있도록, Dmax가 처방선량의 107%넘지 않게 치료계획하였다. 자세오차는 X축, Y축, Z축으로 ±1mm/±3mm/±5mm를 동일하게 적용하여 비교평가하였다. 결 과 : 자세오차 시 피부선량의 변동성은 처방선량 대비 약 106%에서 약 123%였으며 가장 큰 피부선량의 증가는 X축의 바깥쪽(lateral) 방향 5mm 자세오차에서 49.24 Gy였다. 처방선량 대비 107%이상의 영역은 skin lateral에서 6.87 cc로 가장 넓게 나타났다. 결 론 : 좌측 유방암 용적 변조 회전 방사선 치료 시 자세오차가 일어났을 경우 X축의 바깥쪽 방향에서 처방선량 대비 가장 큰 피부선량의 차이가 나타났다. 이를 통해 치료실 CBCT 정합 시 치료받는 쪽 유방의 Y축, Z축을 정합하는 것도 물론 중요하지만 X축을 정합하는데 더 노력한다면 치료 간 피부선량의 변동성을 더 줄이기 위한 효과적인 방법으로 사료된다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제67권
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• pp.23-47
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• 2015

European Commission drafted and proposed the Common European Sales Law(CESL) to the European Parliament for the realization of a uniform set of international private law rules within the EU internal market. Since its purpose is for free international commercial activities for the sale of goods, for the supply of digital content and for related services, it was proposed to enable EU Member States to adopt or supplement as their substantive law according to their options. This study is relate to the legal bases on termination of a contract under CESL, they are composed of three parts: damages and interest, restitution and prescription. Damages and interest are divided into damages, general provisions on interest on late payments, and late payment by traders. Damages are explained by dividing into right to damages, general measure of damages, foreseeability of loss, loss attributable to creditor, reduction of loss, substitute transaction, and current price. Restitution is described by dividing into restitution on revocation, payment for monetary value, payment for use and interest on money received, compensation for expenditure and equitable modification. Prescription is explained by dividing into general provisions, periods of prescription and their commencement and extension of periods of prescription. General provisions explain right subject to prescription into a right to enforce performance of an obligation and any right ancillary to such a right. Regarding period of prescription, the short one is two years and the long one is ten years. However, in the case of a right to damages for personal injuries, period of prescription for such right is thirty years. Regarding commencement, the short one begins to run from the time when the creditor has become, or could be expected to have become, aware of the facts as a result of which the right can be exercised, while the long one begins to run from the time when the debtor has to perform. However, in the case of a right to damages, the CESL clarifies that it begins to run from the time of the act which gives rise the right.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.33-50
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• 2006

Objectives : Oriental medicine has set the no herb medicamentous dose for child, on the other hand the western medicine has it standardizing of age, weight or dimension of body. Therefore, we aimed to research the herb medicamentous dose for child being in being used in clinic. Methods : We made up a question of the oriental medical doctors of the master's and doctor's course in ○○ university. Results : 1. Child dose of herb medicine a time likes this. 1 pack is written prescription most at children patients under 1 year. 1 pack and 2 packs are written prescription most at children patients over 1 under 2. 2 packs are written prescription most at children patients over 2 under 3. 4 packs are written prescription most at children patients over 3 under 4. 10 packs are written prescription most at children patients over 8 under 14. Dose of herb medicine written prescription at children patients over 5 under 8 is in decentralization from 2 to 10 packs. 2. 2 or 3 times are most in a number of taking medicine a day. 3. 3 days are common in period of taking medicine under 5, over 10 days are common over 5. 4. It is necessary to regulating child dose of herb medicine.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.298-303
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• 2024

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate drug prescription indicators in outpatient services provided at Iran Social Security Organization (SSO) healthcare facilities. Methods: Data on all prescribed drugs for outpatient visits from 2017 to 2018 were extracted from the SSO database. The data were categorized into 4 main subgroups: patient characteristics, provider characteristics, service characteristics, and type of healthcare facility. Logistic regression models were used to detect risk factors for inappropriate drug prescriptions. SPSS and IBM Modeler software were utilized for data analysis. Results: In 2017, approximately 150 981 752 drug items were issued to outpatients referred to SSO healthcare facilities in Iran. The average number of drug items per outpatient prescription was estimated at 3.33. The proportion of prescriptions that included an injection was 17.5%, and the rate of prescriptions that included an antibiotic was 37.5%. Factors such as patient sex and age, provider specialty, type of facility, and time of outpatient visit were associated with the risk of inappropriate prescriptions. Conclusions: In this study, all drug prescription criteria exceeded the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization. To improve the current prescription patterns throughout the country, it would be beneficial to provide providers with monthly and annual reports and to consider implementing some prescription policies for physicians.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was performed to analysis the composition of herbal formulations about a series of Wolgug-Hwan(WGH, formed by Gukchur-won and Sagung-san) in Dongeuibogam written by Heo Jun. Methods : The series of WGH in Dongeuibogam were selected by 'Prescription Lineage Graph' (http://164.125.206.43/PrescriptionLineageGraph.aspx) established by prof. Lee at Pusan National University. In the analysis of a series of WGH, we used some formulation books including classics. Results : Gaeuldogi-tang(GDT) is formed by WGH, Yeonggangchulgam-tang(YGT), Yugil-san (YIS) and Gungchul-san. Cheongul-san(CUS) is formed by WGH, Ijin-tang(IJT), YGT and Haegeum -hwan(HGH). Sosikcheongul-san(SCS) is formed by CUS and IJT. Jeungmiijin-tang(JIT) is formed by WGH, IJT, Sambaek-tang and Gyullyeonjichul-hwan. Sihoeokgan-tang(SET) is formed by WGH, Sihosogan-san(SSS) and Jigolpi-eum. Wolgukbohwa-hwan(WBH) is formed by WGH, Bohwa-hwan, Mokyangjichul-hwan and Hwangnyeon-tang(HNT). Chimsa-hwan(CSH) is formed by WGH, Injinho-tang(IHT), Yungmisamneung-hwan, Jeungmisamul-tang and Sinseongugi-tang. Conclusions : SCS, CUS, or JIT has been used frequently in case of phlegm-fire. These are formulated by the combination of WGH and IJT with Samseon-san or HGH or Jichul-hwan according to the special symptoms, respectively. SET which is formulated by WGH and SSS has been used in case of stagnation of liver-qi. GDT, WBH or CSH has been used in damp-heat. These are formulated by the combination of WGH with YIS, HNT, or IHT, respectively.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.33-36
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• 2012

1968년에 발표된 구식 싱글턴 혼합기수 고속푸리에 변환 포트란 서브루틴에 존재하는 일반적인 $N$ 문제에 대한 간단한 처치법을 제안하였다. 주어진 문제에 대한 간략한 검토를 마친 후에, 새로운 처치법을 동적메모리 할당방법의 입장에서 최악상황분석법을 통해 논의하였다. 본 논의를 통해 여기서 제시된 프로그래밍 기법은 최소한 다차원 데이터 집합에 대해 지금까지 제시된 여타 처치법보다 우월함을 보였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.2573-2577
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine a method of dose prescription that minimizes normal tissue irradiation outside the planning target volume (PTV) during stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: Previous research and patients with typical T1 lung tumors with peripheral lesions in the lung were selected for analysis. A PTV and several organs at risk (OARs) were constructed for the dose calculated; six treatment plans employing intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) were produced, in which the dose was prescribed to encompass the PTV, with the prescription isodose level (PIL) set at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 95% of the isocenter dose. Additionally, four OARs around the PTV were constructed to evaluate the dose received in adjacent tissues. Results: The use of higher PILs for SBRT resulted in improved sparing of OARs, with the exception of the volume of lung treated with a lower dose. Conclusions: The use of lower PILs is likely to create significant inhomogeneity of the dose delivered to the target, which may be beneficial for the control of tumors with poor conformity indices.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.383-389
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• 2024

본 연구에서 전립샘암의 방사선치료기법 중 세기조절 방사선 치료 시 정상장기인 복부의 광중성자 피폭으로 인하여 2차 암이 발생할 확률을 분석하고자 한다. 전립샘암 방사선 치료계획의 설계는 일일 처방선량 220 cGy, 총 치료 횟수는 35회로 7700 cGy로 수립하였다. 실험장비는 Varian 사의 True Beam STx(Varian, USA) 선형가속기이다. 실험에 사용한 에너지는 15 MV로 치료 계획용 표적체적(Planning target volume; PTV)안에 광중성자 선량이 발생하도록 치료계획을 설계하였다. 방사선 치료계획은 Eclipse System (Varian Ver 10.0, USA)이며, 조사문수를 5 ~ 9개로 설정하였다. 조사각도는 0° ~ 320°에서 처방선량(prescription dose)영역에 95%가 설정되도록 설계하였으며, 각각의 조사문수당 소조사면(beamlet)은 100개로 설정하였다. 광중성자의 선량 측정을 위하여 본 연구에 사용한 광자극발광선량계는 알류미늄산화물 성분이 포함된 소자에 ⁶LiCO₃ 를 도포하여 중성자 선량이 측정 가능하도록 설계하였다. 세기조절 방사선 치료 시 복부의 광중성자 선량으로 인하여, 1,000명 기준으로 최소 7.07 ~ 11명이 2차 암의 발생확률이 있음이 연구되었다. 본 연구에서 세기조절 방사선치료 시 발생될 수 있는 2차 피폭선량의 위험성을 연구하여, 추후 방사선의 확률적 영향과 관련된 의미 있는 자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.97-110
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• 2011

Rhinitis, inflammation of the nasal cavity caused by the disease in our country that a recent trend is the rapidly increasing number of patients. It causes multiple complications and interfere with daily life and social life in case of being viewed as a mild cold. The rhinitis treatment for symptomatic therapy in modern medicine is staying because the situation is exposing the limitations. so traditional medicine is trying to find a solution but that is not easy. In modern medicine, rhinitis is defined as a set of histological lesions and clinical symptoms, but traditional medicine has developed in dealing with each symptoms in disease. The treatment that doesn't distinguish any treatment in growing numbers of patients does not seem to validate, because doctors treat without considering the difference of recognition. Looking at the symptoms for each, I found that each symptoms and causes are varied according to doctors and era. In spite of considering all of that in treatment, it was ignored or underestimated in modern medicine. Furthermore, in traditional medicine, they just conjugated certain period theory and only had limited treatment by a lack of integrated awareness about definition and mechanism. In addition, in case of mentioning about the causes of prescription in each medical books, there were not enough explain about pathological states. Therefore, these causes should be made to further the research about the validity, pathogenesis and treatment. We can see that theory could be established and modified by the accumulation of clinical experience, observations through classification by each of the causes, prescription and treatment. In traditional medicine simply does not pay attention only to nasal inflammation, such as the impact of Meridian and organs considered to have focused on the fundamental treatment. This increased immune resistance to the modern rhinitis patients may offer new therapeutic approaches. I hope this paper would be helpful to find the treatment with uncovered theory in modern medicine.