• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제37권8호
• /
• pp.712-721
• /
• 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of heating and after-heating processed foods for implementation of a HACCP system in day-care center foodservice operations. The evaluating points were microbial assessment and temperature of foods during receiving, cooking, and serving in heating process. In non-heating process, in addition to monitoring microbial assessment of food during preparation, cooking, and serving steps, the microbial populations of employees' hands and utensils and serving temperature were also evaluated. Microbiological quality was assessed using 3M Petrifilm$^{TM}$ to measure total plate count and coliforms for foods and utensils and Staphylococcus aureus for hands in five Gumi day-care centers. Microbiological quality assessment for foods and utensils is summarized as follows. Microbiological quality of the heating processed foods was satisfactory for cooking and serving steps. The internal temperature of food was above 74$^{\circ}C$. However, temperature control before the serving step was not achieved due to inappropriate time management between the cooking and serving steps. In the after-heating process, the total plate counts of boiled mungbean sprouts salad, blanched spinach salad, com vegetable salad were below the standard at the serving step. The majority of samples showed that coliforms exceeded the norm, which is thought to be the result of the cross-contamination from utensils. These results suggest that it is essential to educate employees on the importance of hand washing and of avoiding cross-contamination by using clean, sanitized equipment to serve food in the after-heating process. Establishing Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOPs) is an essential part of any HACCP system in day-care center foodservice operations.

• 급식외식위생학회지
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.103-110
• /
• 2021

This study was conducted to compare and evaluate the difference in washing and disinfection when the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) protocol was applied to foodservice operations. The results of the survey were as follows: Among the 116 foodservice operations surveyed, 67.2% were HACCP-compliant and 32.8% were not HACCP-compliant. Also, 62.9% served meals once daily, and 79.3% conducted food safety education once a month. Compared to HACCP non-compliant foodservice operations, the disinfection performance of HACCP-compliant operations was significantly better concerning worktables (p<0.001), food inspection tables (p<0.001), preparation tables for distribution (p<0.01), serving tables (p<0.01), overflow and trenches(p<0.05), sinks (p<0.05), and insect attracting lamps (p<0.01). Similarly, the disinfection performance of HACCP-compliant foodservice operations was significantly better for 18 cooking utensils and personal tools such as food slicers (p<0.001), multiple cooking machines (p<0.05), tray carts (p<0.001), stainless steel tools (p<0.001), rubber gloves (p<0.05). Worktables (45.1%), serving tables (29.6%), sinks (37.0%), and scales (21.6%) were most often disinfected 'at the end of each task', while food inspection tables (36.5%), food preparation tables for distribution (31.2%), dish machines (34.2%), overflow and trenches (25.7%), and floors (25.8%) were most often disinfected 'once a day'. All cooking utensils were most often disinfected 'at the end of each task'. 'Chemical disinfection' was most frequently used in all foodservice facilities. To improve the food safety management of foodservice operations, it is necessary to apply the HACCP protocol and comply with the washing and disinfection manual.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제37권8호
• /
• pp.722-731
• /
• 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of non-heat-processed foods for implementation of a HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) system in day-care center foodservice operations. The evaluating points were microbial assessment of foods, utensils, and employee's hands during preparation, cooking, and serving. The temperature of non-heated food being served was also measured. Microbiological quality was assessed using 3 M Petrifilm/syp TM/ to measure total plate count and coliforms for food and utensils and Staphylococcus aureus for hands in five Gumi day-care centers. Results showed low microbiological quality of non-heated foods. This was probably due to contaminated raw ingredients and cross-contamination that occurred during preparation and cooking (e.g., unsatisfactory washing and disinfection of raw materials and utensils). These results suggest that it is essential to educate employees on good personal hygiene (hand washing) , prevention of cross-contamination through use of properly washed and sanitized utensils, and proper washing and disinfection of raw vegetables. Establishing Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOPs) are an essential part of any RACCP system in day-care center foodservice operations.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.231-240
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of implementing the HACCP system on foodservice establishments. At first, the hygienic conditions were measured by microbiological hazard analyses of the cooking utensils and working areas. In order to solve the detected problems, the HACCP system was implemented, after what was considered a sufficient settlement period following the initial assessment, then microbiological verification was performed again. In relation to the cooking utensils and equipment(kitchen knives, cutting boards, knives for shredding vegetables, refrigerators, baskets, barts, working tables, preparation tables, tungs, dish-clothes and drains) the microbiological inspection on the Total Plate Count, Coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, were conducted with regard to the working areas(working tables, preparation tables, seasoning's shelves, serving tables, drinking water tables, refrigerators, storage rooms and dining tables), the Total Plate Count and Fungi were also examined. According to the microbiological hazard analyses there were many problems, especially with cutting boards, baskets, barts, dish-clothes and sinkballs. However, by introducing the HACCP system, the microbiological hazard levels were able to be controlled and lowered, and the total aerial bacteria in the working areas of the foodservice establishments were detected at levels below 6 CFU/plate.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.920-924
• /
• 2006

The microbiological safety of foodservice facilities and side dishes in 6 elementary schools and 6 universities in the Jeolla-do region was evaluated. The micro-aerosol evaluation of foodservice facilities including the kitchen, refrigerators, and freezers showed a comparatively high level of microbial contamination. In the microbial safety evaluation of cooking utensils and appliances, the total plate counts of serving tables, cutting boards, and food plates were comparatively high, but did not reveal significant counts of coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were both below the general limit of microbial contamination. The microbiological safety of the cooking utensils and appliances were satisfactory. In the microbiological safety evaluation of side dishes served at these foodservice facilities, microbial counts were generally below the limit of microbial contamination.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.337-362
• /
• 2002

The history and culture of using Zhu to help take food in China is a focal question in contemporary Chinese academic circle and leads to various conflicting ideas. This article, based on original historical documents, archaeological findings, cultural relic authentication, field investigation and the author's long-term thinking, comes up with a series of new conclusions. Firstly, Zhu emerged and developed along with cooked food and granular food served in bowls; secondly, there had been a period of using a single Zhu in China's history before two Zhus being used simultaneously; thirdly, the development of Zhu culture went through five historical periods, namely the former form, the interim form, the Jia form, the Zhu form and chopsticks form. In addition, the author gives out his unique viewpoints on some other relevant questions, including the Zhus which can be dated back to the Neolithic Age unearthed at Longqiuzhuang in Jiangsu province, Jiangzhai in Shanxi province etc, and the bronze utensils in the shape of Zhu unearthed in 1934 at Yin Dynasty ruins in Henan province.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.969-977
• /
• 2001

본 연구는 초등학교 영양사 160명을 대상으로 HACCP시 시스템 적용을 위해 급식기구 재질별 소독실태 및 이에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대하여 분석, 평가하였다. 급식기구 소독방법으로 스템제품중 식판은 전기가스식 소독 작업대 및 기타 스텐제품은 화학소독(차아염소산나트륨)과 열탕소독을 주된 소독방법으로 사용하고 있었으나 야채절단기, 분쇄기 탈피기의 51.0%이상은 사용후 소독을 실시하지 않고 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 나무제품은 역시 화학소독 (차아염소나트륨)과 열탕소독을 사용하여 소독을 잘 실시하고 있었으나 플라스틱 제품에 있어 위생도마를 제외한 빨간 플라스틱 통바가지, 밥주걱의 30% 가량은 사용후 소독을 실시하지 않고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 소독시기에 있어 칼의 경우 수시로 소독을 실시하는 경우가 37.2%, 나무주걱의 경우는 30.9%로 이들 기구를 수시로 소독해야 한다는 인식이 부족한 것으로 파악되었다. 또한 플라스틱 제품의 경우 밥주걱을 제외한 대부분의 제품이 수시로 소독을 실시해야 하나 빨간플라스틱통의 53.5%, 바기지 45.9%, 위생도마의 45.8%만이 수시로 소독을 실시하고 있는 것으로 나타났다, 급식기구 소독횟수에 있어 대부분의 급식기구가 매일 소독을 실시하고 있었으나, 반찬통, 야채절단기, 탈피기, 분쇄기, 나무주것은 다른 기구에 비해 낮게 나타나 이들 기구류에 대한 위생적 취급이 요구되어졌다. 초등학교 급식소에서 사용되고 있는 소곧방법은 영양사, 나이, 경력, 및 급식학생수, 급식실시기간, 배식형태에 의해서 영향을 받고 있었으며 특히 소독을 실시하지 않은 비율에 잇어서 영양사 나이 30대와 근무경력 6~10년 미만에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 급식실시기간 6년이상과 교실과 식당을 병행하는 배식형태에서도 소독이 잘 실시되지 않고 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 급식기구 소독시기도 영양사 나이와 학력, 배식형태에의해 영향을 받고 잇었으며 소독횟수는 조리종사원수, 급식학생수, 급식실시기간에 의해서 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구를 토대로 추후 스텐재질의 야채절단기, 탈피기, 분쇄기 및 나무주걱과 플라스틱 제품의 소독방법에 대한 미생물적 연구가 행해져야 할것이며, 아울러 급식소 소독실태에 많은 영향을 미치고 있는 영양사들에 대해서는 지속적인 위생교육이 수반되어져야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제36권10호
• /
• pp.1071-1082
• /
• 2003

The objective of this study was to evaluate and improve the microbiological quality of HACCP application in school foodservice operations. The microbiological quality of foods and utensils were evaluated two times at each critical control point (CCP) with 3M petrifilm in five Daegu elementary schools. Two processes were evaluated: Heating process and after-heating process. The CCPs of the heating process were receiving, cooking and serving temperatures. The CCPs of the after-heating process were personal hygiene, cross contamination avoidance and serving temperature. After the first experiment, 31 employees of five schools were classroom educated, trained on-site, and pre- and post-tested on HACCP-based sanitation with the goal of improving the microbiological quality of the foodservice. Scores representing knowledge of holding, thawing, washing, food temperature, sanitizing and food-borne illness increased after education. In the heating process, internal food temperatures in the first and second experiments were higher than 74$^{\circ}C$, the holding temperature in the first experiment was less than 6$0^{\circ}C$. In the second experiment, the serving temperature improved to a satisfactory level. The microbiological quality in the second experiment improved by decreasing the time from cooking to serving. In the after-heating process, the ingredients were boiled before being cut in the first experiment. In the second experiment, ingredients were cut before being boiled, improving microbiological quality. Also in the second experiment, cooking just before serving food improved its microbiological quality through time-temperature control. These results strongly suggest it is essential to measure microbiological quality regularly and to educate employees on HACCP continuously, especially time-temperature control and cross contamination avoidance in order to improve foodservice quality.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.234-242
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the sanitary management status of school foodservice in Deajeon and Chungnam and to suggest basic data for sanitary improvement. A questionnaire was used in this study as a survey method. The subjects consist of 529 dietitians that are employed in the school ($primary{\cdot}middle{\cdot}high\;school$) foodservice. These results may be summarized as follows : $71.0\%$ of surveyed school foodservices managed separately place for contamination and uncontamination. $91.5\%$ didn't maintain adequate temperature at kitchen. A holding rate of hygiene utensils is lower in Chungnam than Daejeon. The dietitian group aged 30-34 showed significantly higher scores than other groups in personal hygiene of employees. The dietitian group graduated from a college showed significantly lower scores than other groups in purchasing & receiving, preparation, storage, food remains & waste, kitchen utensils and equipments and personal hygiene. It was significant to sowing, personal hygiene and facilities & structure by Daejeon and Chung-nam. In serving, Daejeon showed significantly lower scores than Chungnam. In personal hygiene, facilities and structure, Chungnam showed significantly lower scores than Daejeon. The foodservice group (started < 1990) showed significantly lower scores than other groups ($started{\ge}1990$) in preparation.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.222-233
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was the improvement and modification of the HACCP verification checklist in school foodservices. For this, the HACCP verification checklist was modified on the basis of an existing school foodservice format. The modified checklist was composed of 28 items, including CCPs (critical control points), microbial test, and other components of the HACCP system than CCPs. To confirm the suitability of the modified checklist, comparisons were made based on the microbiological quality of cooked foods, utensils, and number of aerial microbes in the working area. In this study, the applicability of the modified checklist was determined by focusing on cooked squid with seasoned fresh vegetables (Ojingeochaesomoochim). The following results were obtained from 14 schools in Changwon. The checklist scores for maintaining hot foods over $60^{\circ}C$ or serving within 2 hours, microbial tests of drinking water, food contact surfaces and cooking utensils, monitoring tools, and usage of suitable sanitizers were 2 points each (The possible highest score is 2 points). On the contrary, the checklist score for microbial test of cooked foods was the lowest of all the items. The correlation coefficient (r) between the improved checklist and microbiological quality of cooked foods was 0.699 (P<0.01), whereas that between the improved checklist and microbiological quality of cooking utensils was 0.612 (P<0.05). The correlation coefficient between the improved checklist and aerial plate count in the working area was -0.556 (P<0.05). Our results indicate the potential possibility of using the HACCP verification checklist in school foodservices.