• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.300-306
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• 1998

An experiment was conducted to investigate correlations of litter size and average serum progesterone concentrations during pregnancy with mammary gland growth and development at parturition. Twenty ewes (5, 9, 4, and 2 ewes carrying 0, 1, 2, and 3 lambs, respectively) were used to measure weekly serum progesterone concentration during pregnancy. At parturition, the experimental ewes were slaughtered for determination of mammary gland growth and development at parturition (mammary dry fat-free tissue [DFFT], DNA, RNA, collagen, protein, and glycogen). Correlation of mammary DFFT with litter size and averages serum progesterone concentrations were 0.75 and 0.72, respectively. Litter size or maternal serum progesterone concentrations did not correlate with the mammary DNA concentration. However, litter size or maternal serum progesterone concentrations positively correlated (p < 0.01) with the mammary RNA and protein concentrations, but negatively correlated with the mammary collagen (p < 0.01) and. glycogen (p < 0.05) concentrations. Litter size or maternal serum progesterone positively correlated (p < 0.01) with the total mammary DNA, RNA, collagen, protein and glycogen contents. These results implied that the increased concentrations of progesterone with the increased litter size during pregnancy improved mammary gland growth and development at parturition.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.347-356
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• 1994

A simpled and sensitive microplate enzyme immunoassay(EIA) was developed for the determination of progesterone concentration in serum, based on progesterone monoclonal antibody as anti-progesterone, horseradish peroxidase(HRP) as enzyme-label and tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) as substrate. The assay has a sensitivity of 5 pg-120pg/well and intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for progesterone standard curve (1.0ng~10.0ng/ml) were ranged 2.5~9.9% and 1.7.8.0%, respectively, determination coefficient of the regressio equation of our standard curve(R2=0.990$\pm$0.007) were high, and this is the same level as that of commercial kit(Hormonost Bio-Lab, Germany, R2=0.98~0.99). The progesterone concentration of serum determined by both kits (Work & Bio-Lab) were significantly correlated (r=0.95, P<0.01) although a little higher value were resulted in our kit than that of commercial kit. It generally is these results indicated that the microplate-EIA can be cused for the determination of progesterone in serum, as well as, for the determination of the early pregnancy diagnosis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.298-301
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• 2004

Pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography was performed for both pregnant and non-pregnant Asiatic black bears which were being under hibernation. Pregnancy was diagnosed for a pregnant bear by detecting images of heart-beat and vertebrae on ultrasonograph. Serum progesterone levels were measured for both pregnant and non-pregnant bears. The level of serum progesterone was 5.79 ng/ml for a pregnant bear and 0.76 ng/ml for a non-pregnant bear, respectively, thereby it was considered that measurement of serum progesterone level can be also useful for pregnancy diagnosis for Asiatic black bear.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.213-221
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• 1990

This study was conducted to find out the changes of progesterone and estrone sulphate concentration in serum of Korean native goats throughout gestation, and to apply the serum levels of the hormones to pregnancy diagnosis. Serum concentration of progesterone and estrone sulphate were assayed by radioimmunoassay. Serum progesterone concentration was similar to its luteal phase values during early pregnancy and remained at the high level continually at 20∼140days and decreased rapidly at the day of parturition. Serum estrone sulphate concentration showed to increase markedly at 40∼50dyas gestation and steadily increased to the maximum of 7.13ng/ml at 140days, but declined sharply at the day of parturition. The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis by the measurement of serum progesterone at 20∼24days after mating was 85.7∼92.3% and that of non-pregnancy diagnosis was 100%, when the serum progesterone levels higher and lower than 3.0ng/ml were supposed to indicate pregnancy and non-pregnancy, respectively. The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis by the mearsurement of serum estrone sulphate was found to be nearly 100% since 50days after mating, when the serum levels of estrone sulphate higher then 0.5ng/ml were diagnosed to be pregnant. The optimal sampling time for pregnancy diagnosis was considered to be at 50 days after mating or to be later. It appears that estrone sulphate values above 7.0ng/ml at any time in gestation are highly indicative of twin. But there was found no significant difference(P<0.05) in serum estrone sulphate concentration and number of kids between does with single and twin kids.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.611-615
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• 1993

A rapid, solid-phase microtitre plate enzyme immunoassay(EIA) to determine the concentration of progesterone and testosterone in dairy cow is described. Both steroid hormones were analysed employing antibodies against $11{\alpha}$-hemisuccinate-progesterone bovine serum albumin and 4-androsten-$17{\beta}$-ol-3-one-carboxymethyloxime bovine serum albumin, respectively. as primary antibodies and sheep Ig G as secondary antibody. The conjugated used as labels for progesterone and testosterone was progesterone-$11{\alpha}$-hydroxy-hemisuccinate- horseradish peroxidase and 4 ${\alpha}$-androsten-$17{\beta}$-ol-3-hemisuccinate- horseradish peroxidase, respectively. Detection limit of microtitre plate EIA was 6.7 pg/well for progesteone and 1.0 pg/well for testosterone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.854-861
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• 1999

Seventeen pregnant ewes (8 superovulated and 9 non-superovulated) were used to study correlations of maternal serum progesterone concentrations with uterine and fatal weights at weeks 7 and 15 of pregnancy. Statistical analyses indicated that uterine growth during the first 7 weeks of pregnancy highly associated with maternal serum progesterone concentration (r=0.87 and 0.85, with wet and dry uterine weights, respectively). Ewes with higher maternal serum progesterone concentrations had higher total and average fetal weights at week 7 of pregnancy (r=0.89 and 0.86, respectively). At week 7 of pregnancy, wet and dry uterine weights highly correlated (p<0.01) with total and average fatal weights (r=0.99 and 0.80, 0.98 and 0.75, respectively). Maternal serum progesterone concentrations, however, did not correlate (p>0.05) with wet and dry uterine weights (r=0.36 and 0.47, respectively) and with total and average fetal weights (r=0.20 and 0.58, respectively) at week 15 of pregnancy. However, wet and dry uterine weights had high correlation with total fetal weight (r=0.97 and 0.95, respectively), without significant correlation with average fetal weight. It was concluded that during the embryonic stage of pregnancy, the levels of maternal progesterone were highly correlated with uterine and fetal growths, while during the fetal stage pregnancy, the correlation became less evident.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.539-545
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• 1993

This study was carried out the determine the progesterone concentration for serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) in bovine adult at estrous, pregnant, after patuation and male, female calves of 1 month old, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The assay has a sesitivity of $0.1ng/m{\ell}$. 2. Intra and inter-assay coefficient of variation were 4.5%, 6.1~9.4% when used for the determination of progesterone in samples of bovine serum. 3. The percentages of recovery for progesterone added were between 88.0 to 88.9%. 4. Progesterone concentration of adult bovine serum at estrus, pregnant and after 1 day of parturition were $0.37{\pm}0.16$, $7.1{\pm}1.0$, $0.13{\pm}0.02ng/m{\ell}$, respectively. 5. There was no differences in serum progesterone concentration of calves both male($0.16{\pm}0.03ng/m{\ell}$) and female($0.15{\pm}0.04ng/m{\ell}$) on 1 month old. From these results, progesterone determination by ELISA is very applicable to detect of early pregnancy diagnosis, factorial analysis of reproductive disorder, and also reproductive physiological functions such as veterinary therapeutic measures and monitoring of cyclicity.

• Obstetrics & gynecology science
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.669-674
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• 2018

Objective This study aimed to develop a nomogram that predicts ongoing pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) using patient age and serum hormonal markers. Methods A total of 284 IVF-ET cycles were retrospectively analyzed. At 14 days post-oocyte pick-up (OPU), the serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and progesterone levels were measured. The main predicted outcome was ongoing pregnancy. Results Patient age and serum of HCG and progesterone levels at 14 days post-OPU were good predictors of ongoing pregnancy. The cut-off value and area under the curve (AUC) (95% confidence interval) were 36.5 years and 0.666 (0.599-0.733), respectively, for patient age; 67.8 mIU/mL and 0.969 (0.951-0.987), respectively, for serum HCG level; and 29.8 ng/mL and 0.883 (0.840-0.925), respectively, for serum progesterone level. When the prediction model was constructed using these three parameters, the addition of serum progesterone level to the prediction model did not increase its overall predictability. Furthermore, a high linear co-relationship was found between serum HCG and progesterone levels. Therefore, we developed a new nomogram using patient age and HCG serum level only. The AUC of the newly developed nomogram for predicting ongoing pregnancy after IVF-ET cycles using patient age and serum HCG level was as high as 0.975. Conclusion We showed that ongoing pregnancy may be predicted using only patient age and HCG serum level. Our nomogram could help clinicians and patients predict ongoing pregnancy after IVF-ET if the serum JCG level was ${\geq}5IU/L$ at 14 days post-OPU.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 1994

In order to examine the effects of PGF2$\alpha$ on intervals from weaning to estrus and serum progesterone levels seventeen crossbred primiparious sows were randomly alloted to two groups. One group was injected intramuscularly on the day of weaning with 10 mg PGF2$\alpha$ (10mg/2ml, Lutylase). The other group was treated with saline as a control. Serum progesterone concentrations were determined at 24 hour intervals for 12 days after weaning. A serum progesterone level in PGF2$\alpha$-treated group was reached to the lowest level(1.19$\pm$0.38 ng/ml) on day 3 after weaning and remained low(1.26~1.43ng/ml) thereafter. Whereas, the control group showed the lowest level of progesterone on day 4 after wearing, then showed a rapid increase up to 5.02$\pm$0.38ng/ml on day 8 and a rapid decrease was followed. The PGF2$\alpha$ treated group showed an interval from weaning to estrus(5.2$\pm$0.8 days) approximately 2 days shorter than the control(7.4$\pm$3.0 days)(p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 1989

This stduy was carried out to evaluate the ability of clinical application of pregnancy diagnosis based upon the determination of progesterone in serum, utilizing EIA-kit of progesterone concentrations in the serum were assayed by radioimmunoassay. 1. The progesterone concentrations of the pregnant cows(2.40$\pm$0.34ng/ml) were significantly higher than those of non-pregnant cows(1.03$\pm$0.09ng/ml), and thereafter began to increase and maintained high levels. 2. During 20 to 22 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from EIA-kit of progesterone were 95.0% for non-pregnant cows, and 92.3% for pregnant cows. 3. During 20 to 22 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from serum progesterone concentrations were 100% for non-pregnant cows(<1.4ng/ml), and 96.2% for pregnant cows( 2.0ng/ml). The average overall accuracy of prediction for pregnant and non-pregnant cows were 98.1%. 4. Accordingly, the pregnancy diagnosis from EIA-kit of progesterone is thought to be recommendable because this early diagnostic means are simple with accurate results.