• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.428-436
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• 2008

This study was carried out to compare the effects of whey protein concentrate, its hydrolysates and macropeptide fractions obtained from papain treatment of whey protein on lipid levels and appetite-related hormones in obesity model rats induced by high fat diet. Four week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high fat (18% w/w) and low protein (10% w/w) diet for 4 weeks and then divided into four groups (n=8/group). Rats were fed high fat diets containing various nitrogen sources; 10% whey protein concentrate (10WPC), 25% whey protein concentrate (25WPC), 25% whey protein hydrolysates (25WH), and 25% whey macropeptide fractions (25WP, MW$\geq$10,000), respectively for 6 weeks. There were no significant differences in body weight gain and food intake among groups. A significant decrease of total lipid, triglyceride in serum was observed in 25WH and 25WP groups. Total lipid and triglyceride contents of the liver were significantly decreased in 25WPC, 25WH and 25WP groups compared with 10WPC group. However, in the liver, there were no differences in the contents of total lipid and triglyceride among 25WPC, 25WH and 25WP groups. The daily amounts of feces were significantly increased in 25WH and 25WP groups and the excretion of total lipid and triglyceride were significantly increased in 25WH group. Serum glucose and insulin concentration were significantly decreased in 25WH group. The concentration of serum ghrelin was significantly decreased in the 25WPC, 25WH and 25WP groups compared with 10WPC group. However, there was no significant difference in the concentration of serum leptin among groups. These results suggest that whey protein hydrolysates and macropeptide fractions may show beneficial effects on the lipid profile in serum and liver, appetite regulation and insulin resistance in obesity model rats induced by high fat diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.535-543
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of brown rice and brown rice phytosterol on blood pressure and lipid levels in spontaneously hypertension rats (SHR). SHR were grouped according to blood pressure and fed either a control diet or experimental diets containing 50% brown rice powder or 5% brown rice phytosterol for 3 weeks. Body weight gain and epididymal fat weight were significantly reduced in the brown rice powder and brown rice phytosterol groups compared to control. Brown rice and brown rice phytosterol diets suppressed age-dependent increases in systolic blood pressure compared to control. In addition, brown rice and brown rice phytosterol diets decreased total lipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels in the liver, whereas serum HDL cholesterol increased. Lastly, brown rice phytosterol reduced TBARS contents in the kidney. These results suggest that brown rice and brown rice phytosterol exert antihypertensive effects that improve lipid metabolism in SHR.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1139-1146
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of Meles meles oil as an functional resource. To assess the effects of Meles meles oil in 25 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (DM) persons, we examined changes of fat intake level, hematological and chemical variables, serum DM indices and lipid contents during the Meles meles oil supplementation. Polyunsaturated fatty acid and $\omega$3 fatty acid intake were significantly increased by Meles meles oil intakes. The levels of LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly decreased while HDL-cholesterol was significantly increased. Iron status improved during Meles meles oil intakes. These results show that modest dose of Meles meles oil supplementation can decrease serum triglyceride, cholesterol level without any changes in blood glucose level in NIDDM patients. These results indicated that Meles meles oil diet is effective therapeutic regimen for the control of metabolic derangements in diabetes mellitus. Also, these results imply that Meles meles oil can be used as possible food resources and functional food materials. However, large amounts of Meles meles oil should be used cautiously in NIDDM patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 1993

To evaluate an effect of dietary protein on lipoprotein profile serum of carbon tetrachloride-treated rats, carbon tetrachloride (50% in olive oil) was twice given at 0.1ml/100g body weight at intervals of 24hours to the male rats and then the degree of liver damage in carbon tetrachloride-treated animals fed a low protein diet was compared with that fed a high protein diet. The increasing rate of liver weight/body weight and the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats to the control group were higher in rats fed high protein diet than those fed low protein diet. In the serum levels of lipid (total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride) remarkable differences were not found between low protein diet group and high protein diet group. But these serum lipids in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats were decreased and the decreasing rate of serum lipids to control group were higher in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats fed high protein diet than those fed low protein diet. Under the animal model as identified by the present data herein, serum pre $\beta$-lipoprotein and $\alpha$-lipoprotein fractions were decreased in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats, but the serum levels of $\beta$-lipoprotein were rather increased in the both group by the injection of carbon tetrachloride. Especially, the decreasing rate of $\alpha$-lipoprotein fraction was higher in $CCl_4$-treated rats fed a high protein diet than those fed a low protein diet to its control group and the increasing rate of serum $\beta$-lipoprotein fraction was also higher in $CCl_4$-treated rats fed high protein diet than those fed low protein diet.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.261-274
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• 2015

Although fasting programs have recently attracted close attention because of benefits of detoxification, few studies have examined these programs. This study investigates the effects of a modified juice-based fasting program on lipid metabolism. A total of 33 volunteers fasted for 10 days and participated in program lectures, exercise programs, water bath regimens, and enemas. Pre- and post-program blood samples were obtained to evaluate lipoprotein levels. A paired t-test was conducted using SPSS 18.0. Changes in the lipid profile were observed during the juice-based fasting program and attending 3 degrees. All lipid profiles decreased significantly, including total cholesterol (TC) (p<0.001), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p<0.05). Program participation was documented by assessing attendance levels as high, moderate, and low. TC decreased significantly in all programs and levels (p<0.05), TG decreased proportionally only in enemas according to the attending degree: high (48 %), moderate (20 %), and low (10 %). HDL-C decreased at all low levels, but moderate exercise ($53.8{\pm}12.5mg/dL$ to $55.6{\pm}10.2mg/dL$) and a high enema ($54.9{\pm}14.1mg/dL$ to $55.0{\pm}9.4mg/dL$) showed small increases. The antioxidant property of the juice-based fasting program in terms of the blood vessel, enemas, and exercise played an important role in preventing cardiovascular disease from increased levels of HDL-C. These results suggest that juice-based fasting and combined lifestyle programs may help improve lipid metabolism and protect against dyslipidemia.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.542-549
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• 1998

Dietary orotic acid is known to induce the fatty liver. Fatty acid profiles in the lipid fraction of the liver and the serum in rats fed with or with orotic acid diet were analyzed. In all the hepatic lipid fraction of rats fed on the supplemented orotic acid diet, there was a significant increased in linoleic acid. In addition, linoleic acid was also increased in the triacylglycerol fraction of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum and the triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol fractions of hepatic Golgi apparatus of the orotic acid-feeding rats. In the time course study of the fatty acid profile in the hepatic triacylglycerol and diacylgycerol fractions, an increase of linoleic acid was observed similarly in the initial stages of orotic acid intake in the both fractions. However, linoleic acid in the serum triacylglycerol fraction of orotic acid-feeding rats increased from day 1, but it began to decrease the increment from day 2, resulting in the lower level of linoleic acid in the serum triacylglycerol fraction of orotic acid-feeding rats than that of rat fed a orotic acid-free diet after 10 days. Oleic acid (18:1) was increased in the only cholesteryl ester fraction of helpatic. However, oleic acid level in other fractions was not changed. The compositions of 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0 was reduced in the hepatic triacylogylcerol, diacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester fractions by orotic acid-feeding. However, these saturated fatty acids were significantly increased in the serum triacylglycerol fractions. The orotic acid indcued changes in linoleic acid level in hepatic triacylglycerol may be explained by the impaired fatty acid metabolism and limited excretion of this fatty acid from liver to serum.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.236-244
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• 2021

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism, irregular menstruation, ovulatory dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Recent studies have reported the possible role of phytoestrogens in PCOS. This animal study aimed to evaluate the effects of genistein on insulin resistance, inflammatory factors, lipid profile, and histopathologic indices on PCOS. Methods: PCOS was induced by 1 mg/kg of letrozole in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats then received normal saline (PCOS group), 150 mg/kg of metformin, or 20 mg/kg of genistein dissolved in 1% methylcellulose solution for 42 days. Body weight, the glycemic and lipid profile, and inflammatory, antioxidative, and histopathological parameters were assessed at the end of the intervention. Results: Treatment with genistein significantly alleviated the increased level of fasting blood insulin (p=0.16) and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (p=0.012). In addition, the genistein group had significantly lower levels of serum malondialdehyde (p=0.039) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (p=0.003), and higher superoxide dismutase enzyme activity (p<0.001). Furthermore, the histopathological analysis indicated that genistein administration led to an increase in luteinization and the development of fewer cysts (p<0.05). Conclusion: Biochemical and histopathological analyses indicated that genistein administration to rats with PCOS induced significant remission in oxidative, inflammatory, and glycemic and histopathologic parameters.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.976-986
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• 1997

Coronary artery disease (CAD) such as angina pectoris and myocardial infarction(MI) have been considered the major cause of death for decaddes . THeir incidence and prevalence are still increasing . Numerous studies have been done on the risk factor analysis of CAD in Western countries. Since the diet in Western countries is different from that in Korea it is difficult to assume that the Korean diet has the same effects as its western counterpeart on the development of CAD . THus the gudidelines for the Western CAD patients can no totally be applied to Koreans. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between diet and CAD in Koreans. Subjects were comprised of patients admitted to the hospital for chest pain with poxxilbe CAD (men 129, women 65) . They were divided into the following three groups according to angiographic results ; angiogrphically normal coronary artery group (control), single vessel disease group(SVD) and multiple vessel disease group (MVD) . Intakes of dietary fatty acids and other nutrients were assessed by the semiquantitative food frequency method. Blood was also obtained from subjects for serum lipid analysis. Serum lipid profiles of men were clearly different form those of women. For men, serum choesterol levels (or LDL or LDL/HDL) seemed to be higher in the MVD group compared to the control and SVD groups, while TG level was significantly higher in the MVD group for women. Both men and women showed significantly higher caloric , fiber and vitamins C and A intakes in the MVD group than in the other two groups. Higher caloric intakes was due to higher intakes of carbohydrate and protein rather than fat intake. In terms of fatty acids intake, there were no significant differences among the three groups . Smoking seemed to have great effect on eating patterns in CAD patients. Smokers and ex-smokers showed significantly higher intakes of most nutrients including individual fatty acids that non-smokers. The results of stepwise regression showed that moderate alcohol intake decreases LDL levels and increases HDL levels and smoking seems to lowe HDL levels in CAD patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1483-1490
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• 2019

Objective: To explore the molecular mechanisms of fat metabolism and deposition in pigs, an experiment was conducted to identify hepatic mRNAs and miRNAs expression and determine the potential interaction of them in two phenotypically extreme pig breeds. Methods: mRNA and miRNA profiling of liver from 70-day Jinhua (JH) and Landrace (LD) pigs were performed using RNA sequencing. Blood samples were taken to detect results of serum biochemistry. Bioinformatics analysis were applied to construct differentially expressed miRNA-mRNA network. Results: Serum total triiodothyronine and total thyroxine were significantly lower in Jinhua pigs, but the content of serum total cholesterol (TCH) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were strikingly higher. A total of 467 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 35 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) were identified between JH and LD groups. Gene ontology analysis suggested that DEGs were involved in oxidation-reduction, lipid biosynthetic and lipid metabolism process. Interaction network of DEGs and DE miRNAs were constructed, according to target prediction results. Conclusion: We generated transcriptome and miRNAome profiles of liver from JH and LD pig breeds which represent distinguishing phenotypes of growth and metabolism. The potential miRNA-mRNA interaction networks may provide a comprehensive understanding in the mechanism of lipid metabolism. These results serve as a basis for further investigation on biological functions of miRNAs in the porcine liver.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1179-1189
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• 2006

This experiment was designed to examine the effects of supplemental vitamin D on laying performance, metabolic profile and egg quality of hens fed diets containing different fat sources and levels. Lohman strains (n = 480) were assigned to one of 10 diets: basal diet (BD), BD plus 2.5 and 5.0% sunflower oil (SO) or tallow (T) at vitamin D provided $1{\times}$ and $3{\times}$ of the current recommendation. The experiment lasted from week 30 to 44 of age. Each diet was tested in 12 replicate cages of 4 hens. Production, metabolism, and egg quality data were subjected to three-way ANOVA. Both fats decreased feed intake (FI) as compared to BD. Increasing SO and T levels linearly decreased and quadratically increased FI, respectively. The dietary factors did not affect egg production (EP) and egg weight. Vitamin D supplementation increased and decreased EP when diets contained SO and T, respectively. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) for hens fed SO was lower than for hens fed T. However, increasing T level improved FCE, whereas increasing SO level worsened FCR. Vitamin D supplementation increased serum vitamin D and glucose concentrations. Vitamin D supplementation also caused a decrease and an increase in serum vitamin D concentration when diets contained SO and T, respectively. Serum glucose concentration for hens fed SO was lower than hens fed T. Increasing fat level linearly increased serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations, regardless of the fat type. Increasing SO level linearly decreased serum cholesterol concentration. Vitamin D supplementation did not alter lipid metabolites. The dietary factors did not affect serum total protein, Ca, and P concentrations. As compared with BD, feeding SO decreased dry tibia and ash weights more than feeding T. Vitamin D supplementation tended to increase dry tibia weight and decrease tibia ash weight. Eggshell strength and thickness, yolk and albumen indexes, and Haugh unit were not responsive to the dietary factors. Eggshell strength quadratically increased with increasing T level. Yolk color for hens fed SO was lower than for hens fed T. The dietary factors did not affect most of yolk fatty acids. Increasing SO level quadratically decreased yolk $C_{18:2}$ concentration. Vitamin D supplementation increased and decreased yolk $C_{18:2}$ concentration when diets contained SO and T, respectively. In conclusion, increasing fat level improved laying performance without altering metabolic profile and egg quality. Vitamin D supplementation had minor alteration effects on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality in response to fat feeding.