• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the dietary nutrient intake status and hair mineral content of Korean young children. Methods: Fifty-five children who visited Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were divided into three groups by age: infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. The 24-hour recall method was used to collect the food intake data of the subjects. Hair mineral analysis was conducted using a Mass Spectrometer. Serum iron, ferritin, and calcium were also measured. Results: The mean energy intakes of the subjects were 730.3 kcal, 994.3 kcal, and 1,482.9 kcal for each age group. The mean percentage of energy intake compared to recommendation was 101.4% and was not different by age group. Toddlers of 37.8% and preschoolers of 54.5% consumed less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of calcium. Infants of 28.6%, toddlers of 10.8% and preschoolers of 9.1% consumed less than the EAR of iron. In the case of zinc, copper, and selenium, only 0% to 5% of toddlers and none of the preschoolers consumed less than the EAR of those minerals. The hair calcium, iron and copper concentrations were lower in toddlers and preschoolers than those in infants. Serum calcium levels of preschoolers were significantly lower than those of infants, whereas serum iron and ferritin levels were not. Conclusion: Hair calcium, iron, and copper concentrations were significantly lower in toddlers and preschoolers than in infants. Insufficient dietary intake of calcium and iron seems to be related with decreased hair mineral contents in young children.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.188-197
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• 2002

Purpose : Nowadays, drinks, foods and snacks have frequently been intensified with calcium and the insights into the importance of calcium-intake in general has developed in Korea. In this decade, we found the numbers of children who was visited to our hospital for evaluation of hematuria defined with hypercalciuria were increased. So we tried to compare the mean levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, creatinine, bicarbonate and urinary pH who visited our hospital in 1991, 1992 with in 2000, 2001. Materials and methods : Between January 1991 to December 1992, and between January 2000 to December 2001, each 366 children and 488 children, aged 1 month to 15 years, who presented in our hospital for tonsilectomy and adenoidectomy or for inguinal herniorrhaphy were enrolled in the study, The children in the study were checked the level of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, creatinine, bicarbonate and urinary pH with the machine which was corrected the similar levels of practical chemical levels in serum. We compared each mean levels in 1991s' group with in 2001s' group totally and separately through the age and sex. We used t-test to analysis data. Results : The levels of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and urinary pH of 2001s' group were significantly higher than the levels of 1991s' group(P<0.05). The each level was $9.91{\pm}0.50\;mg/dL,\;248.58{\pm}94.98\;U/L,\;0.61{\pm}0.14\;mg/dL,\;138.64{\pm}2.22\;mM/L,\;4.35{\pm}0.40\;mM/L,\;6.18{\pm}0.86$ in 2001s' and $9.13{\pm}0.68;mg/dL,\;198.26{\pm}79.34\;U/L,\;0.433{\pm}0.18\;mg/dL,\;137.86{\pm}2.67\;mM/L,\;4.22{\pm}0.36\;mM/L,\;5.83{\pm}0.95$ in 1991s'. And the levels of serum bicarbonate, $23.64{\pm}2.57\;mM/L$ in 2001s' was significantly lower than the 1991s', $24.60{\pm}2.23\;mM/L$(P<0.05). The similar results were detected each age and sex group. Conclusion : The levels of serum calcium increase in this decade. The results will be used as a basic data for the national health plan in the years to come.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 1982

This study was designed to observe the effects of nutritional supplementation of general Korean diet on calcium metabolism and bone growth in rats. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The bone weight and the concentration of ash and calcium in femurs tended to be increased by calcium supplementation. It seemed that supplemental calcium feeding promoted bone calcification through increasing the amount of calcium retained in the body. 2. There were no differences in calcium absorption rates, retention rates in the body, urinary excretion, and serum calcium concentration, between calcium supplemented groups and the other cereal-vegetable groups. 3. The casein, vitamin B2, or vitamin A supplementation of cereal-vegetable diets did not have any significant effects on calcium metabolism and bone growth.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.532-540
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• 2001

This study explored the effect of calcium levels and/or ovariectomy on bone composition and its related factors using the female Sprague-Dawley rats which achieved peak bone mass in normal(0.5%) calcium intake during growth period. The rats were randomly divided into six groups and fed 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.5% calcium diets for 8 weeks after ovariectomized and sham operation. The results indicated that body weight gain was higher in ovariectomized groups than sham groups, regardless of dietary calcium levels and food intakes. Serum Ca and P concentrations were normal level regardless of dietary calcium levels and operation. Estrogen concentration was decreased in ovariectomized rat groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity and urinary hydroxyproline were increased in ovariectomized groups. When rats were fed normal Ca diet during growing period, weight, length and breaking force of femur were not significantly different in all groups but increased the same level. Generally, lipid contents in lumbar and femur were lower in low calcium groups and this effect was more pronounced in femur. In case of femur, the significant decrease in Ca contents of bone was observed in a relatively short period of feeding low Ca diet, even though it appeared th desirable peak bone mass had achieved through the growing period by supplementing the adequate amount of calcium. The marked decrease of estrogen levels after ovariectomy did not seem to influence greatly bone parameters measured except bone wet weight. Therefore, this study indicated that lower intake of Ca might be more important determinating factor against osteoporosis than postmenopausal state stimulated by ovariectomy in female rats. With normal or high intake of Ca it appears possible to prevent bone loss in postmenopausal period, and this might apply only in case of achieving peak bone mass in the growing with the adequate intake of calcium. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 532∼540, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.266-276
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• 1997

To investigate the effects of dietary protein and calcium levels on calcium and bone metabolism Sprague-Dawley male growing rats weighting approximately 91.4g were divided into four groups and fed one of the following four experimental diets-15% protein 0.2% calcium ; 15% protein 0.5% calcium ; 30% protein 0.2% calcium ; 30% protein 0.5% calcium-for five weeks. Calcium intake and excretion, apparent calcium absorption were measured and bone densities and mineral contents of femur and scapula were analyzed. Calcium excretion through feces and urine was significantly greater in animals receiving diets of higher calcium. Fecal calcium but not urinary calcium excretion was greater when the protein level was increased from 15% to 30%. Apparent calcium absorption rate was significantly higher with lower calcium intakes. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher in 0.2% calcium group than in 0.5% calcium group, while urinary hydroxyproline excretion was essentially same among all experimental groups. Weights and mineral contents or protein. Bone weights were greater, but calcium and ash contents of femur and scapula were lower in animals on the diet containing low calcium and high protein, which suggests that bone metabolism may be affected by the interaction between calcium and protein intake. These results indicate that during growth high protein intake might be beneficial to bone health if the diet is sufficient in calcium, however, if the diet fails to provide an optimum amount of calcium, such practice might be detrimental.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1160-1169
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• 1997

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of caffeine and calcium levels on calcium utilization in female rats of different ages. Calcium utilization was compared in female rats of different age( 4 weeks and 12 months) fed various levels of caffeine(0 and 7 mg/100g body weight) and calcium (50, 100 and 200% of requirement) for 3 weeks. Feed intake of the caffeine groups were lower than that of the no-caffeine groups. body weight gain was lowest in the high-caffeine and low-calcium group. Serum calcium levels of young rats were higher than those of adult rats. There were no significant differences in tibial calcium content among the caffeine and calcium -groups. Fecal calcium excretion increased as the level of dietary calcium was increased. Urinary calcium excretion increased as the levels of caffeine and dietary calcium were increased. With increasing levels of dietary calcium , daily calcium retention was accelerated, but apparent calcium absorbability was diminished. The results of this study suggest that caffeine consumption promotes urinary calcium excretion. However, increase in dietary calcium resulted in higher calcium retention . These findings indicate that high caffeine consumption may increase dietary calcium requirements. Therefore, it could be suggested that the supplementation of dietary calcium may counteract the negative effect of caffeine intake on calcium utilization.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

Objectives : The present study has been undertaken to investigate the effects of Cervi Cornu on treatment of osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. Method : In this experiment, the rats were ovariectomized. Rats were administered by Cervi Cornu. The levels of bone mineral density, osteocalcin, ALP, calcium, phosphorus in serum, calcium, phosphorus, deoxypyridinoline in urine, ash weight of bone, body weight and uterus weight were measured. Results : 1. The levels of fibula-tibial bone mineral density were significantly increased in comparison with OVX group at 8 weeks in Cervi Cornu group. 2. The levels of serum osteocalcin showed significant decrease in comparison with OVX group at 4 weeks in Cervi Cornu group. The levels of serum ALP and phosphorus showed significant decrease in comparison with OVX group at 4, 8 weeks in Cervi Cornu group group. The levels of serum calcium showed significant increase in comparison with OVX group at 4, 8 weeks in Cervi Cornu group. 3. The levels of urine calcium, phosphorus and deoxypyridinoline showed significant decrease in comparison with OVX group in Cervi Cornu group. 4. The levels of fibula-tibial ash weight showed significant increase in comparison with OVX group in Cervi Cornu group. 5. The levels of body weight were significantly decreased in comparison with OVX group at 4, 8 weeks in Cervi Cornu group. 6. The levels of uterus weight were significantly increased in comparison with OVX group in Cervi Cornu group. Conclusion : Reviewing these experimetal results, it appeared that Cervi Cornu had efficacy on treatment of osteoporosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.677-684
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• 1999

This study has dealt the effect of Ca regulating hormones and dietary Ca levels on Ca metabolism. Animals(BALB/c mice) were divided into three dietary groups(high and medium Ca and Ca free) and hormones including parathyroid hormone(PTH), calcitonin(CT), cholecalciferol(Vit D) were i.p. injected. After feeding experimental diets for five weeks, mice were anaethetized and sacrificed by heart puncture. We found that femur growth of mouse was slightly increased by high dietary Ca without showing statistical significance comparing to low dietary Ca group. The combination of PTH and CT showed the same effect when dietary Ca was high. At the same time, total mineral retention in bone was most affected by dietary Ca. In general, high Ca diet elevated Ca level in the serum. When dietary Ca was low, PTH stimulated Ca release from the bone into the serum, which was shown to be inhibited by CT treatment. Comparing to the control, PTH, Vit D and CT together tended to inhibit serum Ca level at high and medium dietary Ca. PTH and Vit D inhibited Ca reserve in the liver at all dietary levels of Ca. Both PTH and Vit D stimulated bone Ca retention when dietary Ca was low, but this effect was reversed when dietary Ca was high. When PTH, Vit D and CT were administered together, bone Ca level was greatly enhanced at low dietary Ca than at high dietary Ca, which suggests that these hormonal cooperation is needed for proper bone density maintenance especially when dietary minerals are not sufficient.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.218-227
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary protein and calcium levels on iron and zinc balance in eight healthy Korean young women. The 20-day metabolic study consisted of a 2-day adaptation period followed by three 6-day experimental periods. Three experimental diets were the low protein-low calcium(LProLCa ; protein 44g, Ca 422mg), the high protein-low calcium(HProLCa ; 'protein 85g, Ca 365mg) and the high protein-high calcium (HProHCa ; protein 84g, Ca 727mg). Apparent absorption and balance of iron and zinc were significantly higher when subjects were fed high protein-low calcium diet than low protein-low calcium diet. The elevation of dietary calcium significantly depressed the apparent absorption of iron and zinc. The levels of serum iron and zinc were likely to be increased with a high protein diet, but the differences were not significant. There was a strong correlation(r=O.99) between the iron intake and serum iron concentration. Serum zinc concentration was not correlated with hair zinc. Study results revealed that the levels of dietary protein and calcium influence iron and zinc balance in Koreans. This study suggests that dietary recommendations for trace minerals, such as iron and zinc, should be carefully examined. In addition, there is a need to evaluate the bioavailability of milk or beverage products enriched with calcium and iron.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 1995

This study investigates the supplementing effects of milks by various heat treatment on growth performance and protein and calcium metabolism of rats. For 4 weeks, raw, LTLT-HTST-and UHT-processed milks were given to rats which fed on a calcium free, semi-synthetic diet containing 5%casein. There were no significant differences among the experimental groups in weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and the serum level of total protein and calcium. Also, no significant differences were showed in protein efficiency, nitrogen balance, apparent protein digestibiltiy and the contents of weight and calcium of the left femur as well as 2 incisors. However, the biological value of protein in the UHT-milk group was significantly higher than that of the raw-milk group. The apparent calcium digestibility and calcium balance in the UHT-milk group were higher than those in the raw-, LTLT- and HTST-milk groups. The weight of left femur in all the groups supplemented with various heat-treated milks was significantly impair the nutritive value of protein and calcium in milk. Futhermore, UHT-processing may improve the bioavailability of protein and calcium in milk.