• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

We established an in vitro system of central serotonergic neurons by culturing dissociated rat embryonic (El4) brainstem cells to 14 days in vitro and monitored the serotonergic neuronal growth by measuring 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) contents in the cells with hish performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). We studied also tile effects of various drugs on the contents of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, confirming in vivo reports. The 5-HT content (13 ng/mg protein) and 5-HT turnover rate (17 pmol/mg protein/h) at 14 days in vitro were in good agreement with those reported in the adult rat brain. The 5-HT content was more easily depleted with p-chlorophenylalanine, a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor than with NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine), an aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitor. Incubation of the cultures with tryptophan or 5-hydroxytryptophan increased the rate of serotonin formation implying that neither tryptophan hydroxylase nor AADC is saturated with its amino acid substrate in this in vitro system . The 5-HT content was depleted by reserpine. The 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents were increased and decreased, respectively, by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. All the above results indicate that the biochemical properties of the central serotonergic neurons in this culture system reflect reliably those of central serotonergic neurons in vivo. We suggest that measuring 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents in the primary cultured dissociated brainstem-cells with HPLC-EC is useful in the study of pharmacology as well as toxicolgy of the central serotonergic neurons.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.262-270
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• 2009

$^{18}F$-mefway has been developed as radioligand for serotonin receptor 5-$HT_{1A}$. The object of this study was to obtain the mefway precursor with the higher yield than previous method and to identify whether $^{18}F$-mefway can bind to 5-$HT_{1A}$ or not. from microPET imaging of small animal brain. Precursor was prepared by a modification of the reported procedure then [$^{18}F$] labeling was performed by adding $^{18}F$ ion at $130^{\circ}C$ in the hot cell for 30min. After purification of reaction mixture using alumina Sep-pak and HPLC, microPET images of small animal brain were determined. The chemical yield of precursor was increased from 9% to 34% using oxalyl chloride and LAH/diethylether. We synthesized a precursor which was successfully labeled with no-carrier-added $^{18}F$-by new synthetic route. This research suggest that $^{18}F$-mefway will be used a radiopharmaceutical for evaluation of central nerve system disorder as imaging a gent for 5-$HT_{1A}$ receptor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1422-1426
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to test characteristics between normal and autistic children via comparison of nutrient intakes, hair mineral, blood free radical, and serotonin contents. A total of 50 children aged 3-9 were divided into two main groups of normal control children (n=22) and autistic children (n=28) tested by child psychiatrist. The nutrient intakes by 24-hour recall method were no significantly different between the two groups. The concentrations of toxic mineral, such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in hair of autistic children were significantly higher, while concentration of antioxidant mineral (Cu, Zn, Fe) was lower than that of normal children. The autistic children had significantly higher concentrations of blood free radical than that of normal children. No significant difference was observed in serotonin concentration between the two groups. Our results suggest a possible role of increased toxic mineral and free radical, both of which may be relevant to the pathophysiology of autism in children with developmental delay.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.231-248
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• 2017

Objectives: This study evaluates anti-stress and sleep-inductive effects of Dongshingihyeolyangsubang (DSGYSB) on rats induced by chronic mild stress (CMS). Methods: Twenty-five healthy rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal, CMS (Control), DSGYSB50, DSGYSB100, and DSGYSBS200. All rats except the normal group were exposed to unpredictable stress conditions such as water deprivation, empty bottles, and forced treadmill. A week after starting the experiment, rats in DSGYSB50, DSGYSB100, and DSGYSB200 groups were fed orally with water once a day for two weeks. Then blood samples were taken from the rats for analysis of complete blood count, AST, ALT, and glucose. Noradrenaline, corticosterone, serotonin, GABA and melatonin were measured by ELISA kit. BDNF, CREB, TrkB and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were measured by RT-PCT. Results: In Noradrenaline contents, the DSGYSB200 group revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. In corticosterone contents, the DSGYSB200 group revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. In serotonin contents, the DSGYSB200 group revealed significant increase compared to the control group. In GABA contents, the DSGYSB50, DSGYSB100, and DSGYSB200 groups revealed significant increase compared to the control group. In the activity of BDNF, the DSGYSB50, DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups revealed significant increase compared to the control group. In the activity of CREB, the DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups revealed a significant decrease compared to the control group. In the activity of TrkB, the DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. In the activity of $TNF-{\alpha}$, DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. In glucose contents, the DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. In the leukocyte changes, white blood cells, neutrophil, lymphocytes, and monocyte significantly increased in the DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups than the control group. In the erythrocyte changes, hemoglobin significantly increased in the DSGYSB200 group than the control group. Conclusions: Results suggest that Dongshingihyeolyangsubang has anti-stress and sleep-inductive effects on rats induced by CMS.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.617-624
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• 2002

Health drinks were prepared with freeze dried powder of 60% ethanol extract (60% EFDP), 60% ethanol extract after hydrolysis with amyloglucosidase (60% AEFDP) and 80% ethanol extract (80% EFDP) from roasted safflower seed. Quality characteristics and antioxidative properties were investigated. Yield of freeze dried powders were ranged in $4.67%{\sim}5.62%$. Brix, pH and titratable acidity of safflower drinks were ranged in $11.4{\sim}14.2%$, $2.83{\sim}3.34$ and $0.09{\sim}0.91%$, respectively. Content of total phenolic compounds was much more in 80% EFDP (117 mg/g) and safflower drink-I (SD-I, 440 ppm) than others. Content of total flavonoid was observed in higher level in 60% EFDP (49 mg/g) and safflower drink-V (SD-V, 138 ppm) than others. Antioxidant compounds such as N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]ferulamide(serotonin-I) and N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3yl)ethyl]-p-coumaramide(serotonin-II) exhibited higher contents of 21.09 ppm, 33.56 ppm in 60% EFDP and of 3.83 ppm, 5.81 ppm in safflower drink-II (SD-II) than others. Content of acacetin was much more in 80% EFDP (13.53 ppm) and safflower drink-IV (SD-IV, 1.14 ppm) than others. From the DPPH test to measure antioxidant activity, it was shown that 80% EFDP and SD-I have stronger scavenging activities of 94.58% and 94.88%, respectively, while BHA standard solution does 93.88%. Among drinks, SD-II was revealed to have highest level on overall acceptance, color and flavor through sensory evaluation. These results induced that safflower seed can be used as natural antioxidant and functional food material.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.215-220
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• 1995

A simple, efficient and sensitive method was described for the simultaneous determination of catecholamine, indoleamine and related metabolites from the homogenates of the rat brain striatum by HPLC-ECD. The optimum mobile phase on a reverse phase $C_{18}$ column was 35mM sodium acetate buffer(included 10mM citric acid, 0.13mM $Na_4EDTA$, 0.58mM SOS, pH3-4):MeOH=85:15. The column temperature was $30^{\circ}C$. Dopamine(DA), 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid(DOPAC), homovanilic acid(HVA), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid(5-HIAA), serotonin(5-HT) and noradrenaline(NA) could be separated and analysed to very small amount. The detection limits of this method were 2~10pg per injection for all components. The effects of age and sex of rat on the contents of the catecholamines and their metabolites in rat brain striatum were studied. The levels of DA and 5-HT contents of the 7 week old female rats were higher than those of the 7 week old male rats. As the age of rat increases, the contents of DOPAC increased significantly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 2010

This study was investigated the effect of antioxidative vitamin supplementation ($\beta$-carotene 175 mg, vitamin C 200 mg, vitamin E 33.5 mg) for 12 weeks on antioxidant status and autistic related behaviors in autistic children. The antioxidative vitamin-supplemented children had significantly lower concentrations of toxic mineral, such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in hair, while they had higher concentration of antioxidant minerals (Se, Zn, Fe) in hair. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for 12 weeks reduced free radical while it increased the hair levels of serotonin compared to the beginning of the study. Additionally, antioxidative vitamin supplementation resulted in significant improvement in social age. These results indicate that the consumption of antioxidative vitamin supplementation for 12 weeks in autistic children may increase plasma antioxidant mineral concentration, resulting in reduced toxic mineral and free radical and improved autistic behavior.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2001

To elucidate the preventive effect of oriental medicine Gami-Ondamtang(GO) on stress, we investigated the physiological change of rats which were applied immobilization stress. For immobilization stress, rats were placed in restrainer for 12 hours a day for 3 days. During application of stress, body weight of rats was measured. After sacrifice, 8 organs were taken for measurement of organ weight. Brain was sectioned into 4 parts that are Frontal Cortex, Corpus Striatum, Hypothalamus and Hippocampus. Each part was homogenated and its catecholamine and serotonin contents were measured with HPLC. In our study, stress mainly induced increase of concentration of neurotransmitters in brain without other significant physical change of rats. GO inhibited stress induced changes of neurotransmitter content in brain.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 1999

To elucidate the preventive effect of oriental medicine Gungchi -hwadamsun (GH) on stress, we investigated the physiological change of rats which were applied immobilization stress. For immobilization stress, rats were placed in restrainer for 12 hours a day for 3 days. During application of stress, body weight of rats was measured. After sacrifice, 8 organs were taken for measurement of organ weight. Brain was sectioned into 4 parts that are Frontal Cortex, Corpus Striatum, Hypothalamus and Hippocampus. Each part was homogenated and its catecholamine and serotonin contents were measured with HPLC. In our study, stress mainly induced increase of concentration of neurotransmitters in brain, but had mild effect on other physical function of rats. GH inhibited stress induced changes of neurotransmitter content in brain.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.13 no.3_4
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• pp.143-149
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• 1998

To elucidate the preventive effect of Danchisoyosan (DS) on stress, we investigated the physiological change of rats which were applied immobilization stress. For immobilization stress, rats were placed in restrainer for 12 hours a day for 3 days. During application of stress, body weight of rats was measured. After sacrifice, 8 organs were taken for measurement of organ weight. Brain was sectioned into 4 parts that are Frontal Cortex, Corpus Striatum, Hypothalamus and Hippocampus. Each part was homogenated and its catecholamine and serotonin contents were measured with HPLC. In our study, stress mainly induced increase of concentration of neurotransmitters in brain without other significant physical change of rats. DS inhibited stress induced changes of neurotransmitter content in brain.