• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2011

There are numerous drug interactions related to many psychotropic and cardiovascular medications. Firstly, the principles in predicting drug interactions are discussed. Cytochrome P (CYP) 450 plays a significant role in the metabolism of these drugs that are substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of CYP450 enzymes. The two most significant enzymes are CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. The ability of psychotropic drugs to act as inhibitors for the enzymes may lead to altered efficacy or toxicity of co-administered cardiovascular agents as a substrate for the enzymes. The following is also a review of the known interactions between many commonly prescribed cardiovascular agents and psychotropic drugs. Most beta blockers are metabolized by CYP2D6, which may lead to drug toxicity when they use in combination with potent CYP2D6 inhibitors including bupropion, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and quinidine. Concomitant administration of lithium with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and diuretics may increase serum lithium concentrations and toxicity. Calcium channel blockers and cholesterol lowering agents are subject to interactions with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as amiodarone, diltiazem, fluvoxamine, nefazodone, and verapamil. Prescribing antiarrhythmic drugs in conjunction with medications are known to prolong QT interval and/or inhibitors on a relevant CYP450 enzyme is generally not recommended, or needs watchful monitoring. Digoxin and warfarin also have warrant careful monitoring if co-administered with psychotropic drugs.

• Proceedings of the Society of Korea Industrial and System Engineering Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.413-419
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• 2002

본 연구의 목적은 품질경영시스템의 ISO 9000:2000/KS A 9000:2001 개정 규격 내용 및 요구사항을 살펴보는 한편, 우리나라 중소기업이 전환규격을 적용하는데 있어서 ERP PACKAGE를 이용하여 효과적인 품질경영시스템 구축 방안을 제시하기 위함이다. 본 연구에서는 업무 PROCESS와 품질 기록을 중심으로 ISO 9000:2000/KS A 9000:2001 개정 규격을 ERP PACKAGE에 접목하는 방법을 도출하였으며, 적용 사례로서 기계 제조업체의 구매업무를 중심으로 품질경영시스템 구축방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정형화된 업무 체계를 갖추어 업무 담당자간 혹은 부서간의 업무 마찰을 줄이고 여러부서에서 발생하는 업부 DATA를 중앙집중식으로 공유하여 동일한 DATA의 수집과 작성에 중복성을 최소화하는 등에서 업무의 효과가 있는 것을 볼 수 있다. 둘째, ERP PACKAGE를 이용한 품질경영시스템(ISO 9000:2000/KS A 9000:2001)의 효과적인 추진 방안은 다음과 같다 1) 전환 규격의 충분한 이해가 요구된다. 2) 현재의 업무 프로세스를 파악한 후 ERP PACKAGE에서 제공하는 개선된 업무프로세스를 적용하는 것이 필요하다. 3) 개선된 업무 프로세스의 실행 결과를 ERP PACKAGE 모듈에서 품질기록으로 유지한다. 4) 새로운 품질경영 정보 시스템을 업무 전반에 적용하기 위한 기업인프라 구축과 프로세스에 대한 지속적인 개선이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 ISO 9000:2000/KS A 9000:2001 개정 규격요구사항을 이해하고 ERP PACKAGE를 이용하여 최초로 개정규격을 적용하거나, 전환규격으로 품질경영시스템을 구축 시 좀더 효과적이고 효율적인 품질경영시스템을 구축하는데 업무지침으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.의 수와 생존율면에서 볼 때 가장 적합한 것으로 사료되었다./TEX>개월 투여하게 되면 HDL 콜레스테롤 양이 현저히 증가하였으며, 총 콜레스테롤 양, 동맥경화지표, 중성지방, 유리지방산, 과산화지방은 현 저히 감소하였다.- 결론 - 홍삼과 진세노사이드는 사람과 흰쥐에 있어 과지혈증을 호전시켰다. 실험적으로 과지혈증을 유발시킨 흰쥐에서, 혈중 아포단백질, 지방단백질 및 프로스타글란딘 상호성을 개선시켰다.었다.xA_{2}$ synthetase 억제제인 imidazole의 효과와 유사하였다. 4. G-Re는 $1{\times}10^{-5}g/ml$ 이하의 농도에서는 효과가 없으나 $1{\times}10^{-4}g/ml$ 이상의 농도에서 농도의존적으로 유의성 있는 $PGE_{2},\;PGF_{2}{\alpha},\;TXB_{2}$의 생성억제와 함께 6-keto-$PGF_{1}{\alpha}$ 증가를 보였다. 이는 prostacyclin synthetase를 자극하는 serotonin의 효과와 같은 작용으로서 prostacyclin synthetase 억제제인 tranylcypromine에 대하여 길항효과를 보였다. 5. $TxB_{2}$생성억제 작용을 나타내는 ginsenoside들의 효과를 뒷받침하기 위하여 인삼 saponin 성분을 전처치한 patelet rich plasma에서 혈소판 응집시험 결과, ADP로 유도된 혈소판 응집반응에는 모든 인삼 saponin 성분들이 효과가 없었으나 arachidonic acid로 유도된 혈소판 응집반응에는 $G-Rb_{2}$, G-Rc, G-Re의 순으로 농도 의존적인 억제현상을 보였다. 이상의 결과와 같이 인삼 saponin 성분들은

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.20-36
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• 2001

The debate about whether depressive disorders should be divided into categories or arrayed along a continuum has gone for decade, without resolution. In our review, there is more evidence consistent with the spectrum concept than there is with the idea that depressive disorders constitute discrete clusters marked by relatively discontinuous boundaries. First, "depression spectrum", "is there a common genetic factors in bipolar and unipolar affective disorder", "threshold model of depression" and "bipolar spectrum disorder" are reviewed. And, a new subtype of depression is so called SeCA depression that is a stressor-precipitated, cortisol-induced, serotonin-related, anxiety/aggression-driven depression. SeCA depression is discussed. But, there is with the idea that depressive disorders constitute discrete subtypes marked by relatively discontinuous boundaries. This subtypes of depressive disorder were reviewed from a variety of theoretical frames of reference. The following issues are discussed ; Dexamethasone suppression test(DST), TRH stimulation test, MHPG, Temperament Character Inventory(TCI), and heart rate variability(HRV).

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 1999

An association of low total cholesterol in blood with psychiatric diseases and suicidal behavior has been suggested. As part of an attempt to further explore this relationship, we examine first, whether serum cholesterol levels in psychiatric patients with suicidal attempt would be lower than in non-suicidal psychiatric inpatients or normal controls, second, whether such significant difference of cholesterol levels would be present when the diagnostic groups are analyzed separately, third, whether low cholesterol level would be associated with a history of serious suicidal attempts, and finally, whether low cholesterol level in suicide attempters is a state or a trait marker. We determined the serum cholesterol levels in 231 patients admitted to an emergency room following an suicidal attempt, in the same numbers of age-, sex- and diagnosis- matched non-suicidal psychiatric controls, and in the same numbers of age-, sex matched normal controls. The seriousness of an attempt was divided into 5 grades according to the degree of the resulting medical injury. Total cholesterol levels in suicide attempters were significantly lower compared with both psychiatric and normal controls, when sex, age, and nutritional status (i.e., body mass index) were controlled for. This significant relationship was observed in major depressive disorders and personality disorders, but not in schizophrenia and bipolar type I disorders. The severity of suicide by a lowering of blood cholesterol was related to the magnitude of the cholesterol reduction. After treatment of their psychiatric ailments, the cholesterol levels in suicide attempters were significantly increased. This result suggests that low cholesterol level in psychiatric patients might be a potential biological marker of suicide risk. It is hypothesized that low cholesterol levels is associated with the suicide by modifying the serotonin metabolism, the production of interleukin-2 and melatonin metabolism in psychiatric patients.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2013

Pruritus is a unpleasant symptom in the skin that provokes the act of or desire to scratch. Mast cells are important effector cells in allergic reactions such as pruritus and inflammation. The purpose of this study was undertaken to investigate the synergic anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory effects of Scutellariae Radix (SB) plus Flos Loncerae (FL) extracts in rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs), pruritogen-induced scratching mice and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced allergic mice. We investigated the effect of SB, FL and SB plus FL extracts on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and histamine in RPMCs, on the scratching behavior in ICR mice, and skin clinical serverity and inflammatory mediators in DNFB-induced allergic hairless mice. RPMCs stimulated with PMA plus A23187 or compound 48/80 significantly increased TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ or histamine production compared with media control. However, TNF-${\alpha}$ IL-$1{\beta}$ or histamine levels increased by PMA plus A23187 or compound 48/80 treatment were significantly inhibited by SB, FL in a dose-dependent manner. Especially, SB plus FL pretreatment had a synergic inhibitory effects on stimulator-induced cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$) and histamine production. Moreover, SB plus FL administration had a synergic inhibitory effects on the scratching behavior induced by pruritogen (compound 48/80, histamine, serotonin, substance P) in ICR mice. Furthermore, SB plus FL administration had a synergic inhibitory effects on skin damage, inflammatory mediators, leukocyte and mast cell infiltration induced by DNFB in hairless mice. These results suggest that SB plus FL administration has a potential use as a medicinal plant for treatment against itching and inflammation-related skin disease.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.447-456
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• 1994

In order to elucidate the characterization of receptors involved in inestinal motility of Israeli carp, spontaneously contracting Israeli carp intestinal preperations were prepared and mounted in the organ chambers for contraction traicings using a polygraph. Various contractile agonists were treated and their dose-response curves were constructed. $EC_{50}$ values$(pD_2)$ of each agonist on specific receptors, $pA_2$ values of competitive antagonists against some agonists, and $K_1$, values of noncompetitive antagonists against some agonists were analyzed for characterization of receptors related with the intestinal contraction. Results obtained through the experiments were summarized as follows: 1. Acetylcholine(ACh) exhibited biphasic dose-response curves: initial ACh-induced dose dependent contractions were observed in pM levels but followed by decreased response in in-between concentration levels. Dose dependent contractions reappeared in ${\mu}M$ level. The peaks in pM and ${\mu}M$ levels appeared in $10^{-13}M$ and $3{\times}10^{-5}M$, respectvely. 2. Carbachol(CaCh) exhibited dose dependent contractions from $10^{-9}M$ to $10^{-5}M$, and its $pD_2$ values were higher than those of ACh($5.60{\pm}0.11$). ACh and CaCh exhibited equiactive contractions. Nicotine had no effects on contractile responses of Israeli carp intestine. 3. ACh-induced responses were inhibited by atropine($K_1:7{\times}10^{-8}M$), a muscarinic antagonist, in a non-competitive manner. But CaCh-induced responses were inhibited by both antimuscarinic atropine($pA_2:9.52{\pm}0.14$) and selective $M_2$ antagonistic 4-DAMP($pA_2:8.16{\pm}0.09$), in competitive manners. Nicotine receptor antagonistic decamethonium and hexamethonium had no effects on ACh-and CaCh-induced contractions. Therefore, the cholinergic receptor related to intestinal motility of Israeli carp was assumed as $M_2$ type. 4. In Israeli carp intestine, 5-HT (serotonin) exhibited dose dependent contractions in concentration range from $10^{-8}M$ to $10^{-5}M$. The maximal responses, however, were corresponded to about 50% of those of ACh or CaCh. 5-HT induced contractions were inhibited by $5-HT_2$ antagonistic ketanserin ($K_1: 7.8{\times}10^{-4}M$) in a non-competitive manner, but not by both of anti $5-HT_1$, spiperone and anti $5-HT_3$, MDL-72222. Hence, $5-HT_2$ receptors are suggested to be existed in Isreli carp intestine.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2003

Objectives: Antidepressants are frequently associated with sexual dysfunction. Especially, there were few report of sexual dysfunction related with venlafaxine and mirtazapine in Korea. The purpose of this survey was to evaluate the frequency and nature of sexual dysfunction related with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs), venlafaxine and mirtazapine by the use of specific questionaires. Methods: In one hundred twenty two patients, sexual dysfunction was investigated cross-sectionally by using The questionaires for sexual dysfunction, which includes questions about decreased libido, delayed orgasm or ejaculation, premature ejaculation or orgasm, absence of orgasm or ejaculation, erectile dysfunction in men/vaginal lubrication dysfunction in women, sexual pain and patient's tolerance of the sexual dysfunction. BDI was also measured. Sexual dysfunction was analyzed in association with the duration and the dose of medications and the severity of depression. Results: The incidence of sexual dysfunction during antidepressants use in our survey was 37.7%. There were no difference of incidence in sexes(p=.746). In comparison of paroxetine, venlafaxine and mirtazapine, there were no significant differences of the incidence(p=.065) and the severity of any type of sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: Although there were no significant differences of sexual dysfunction in our survey, sexual dysfunction may be closely associated with antidepressants. Further prospective study of sexual dysfunction should be needed.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2001

Stress has been linked to the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of various psychiatric illnesses. Over the past few years, our understanding of the brain and neuroendocrine systems that are linked to stress responses has increased enormously. This article reviews a series of animal and human studies to understand what are the central pathways by which stress is perceived, processed, and transduced into a neuroendocrine response. We focus on the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(LHPA) axis and several neurotransmitter systems such as norepinephrine, CRF, serotonin, acetylcholine, and dopamine. LHPA stress circuit is a complex system with multiple control mechanisms which are altered in pathological states. CRF and related peptides in the central nervous system appear to enhance behavioral responses to stressors. Norepinephrine systems are also activated by stressors and cause the release of catecholamines from the autonomic nervous system. CRF-norepinephrine interaction makes a feed-forward system which may be important for an organism to mobilize not only the pituitary system but also the central nervous system, in response to environmental challenges. The interactions among several neurotransmitters and endocrine systems appear to play key roles in mediating various behavioral and psychological stress responses involving abnormal responses to stressors such as anxiety and affective disorders.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 1981

An electron microscopical observation was carried out to compare the general shape of the mast cells and structures of granules inside the cells in the stomach of 5 species in 3 orders of Mammals. In convenience, the granules in the cytoplasm were abbreviated as follows: 1) Homogeneous granule, GR1 2) Particulate granule, GR2 a. Dark dense particulate granule, GR2-1 b. Less dense particulate granule, GR2-2 3) Reticular granule, GR5 a. Dark dense reticular granule, GR5-1 b. Light dense reticular granule, GR5-2 In Mammalia including goat, dog, cat, and hamster, most of cytoplasmic organelle were Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and most of the cytoplasmic granules were highly densed GR1and GR2. However GR5-1 and GR5-2 appeared in guinea pig while one side sunken or crescent-like types occured in both dog and guinea pig. All mast cells were oval or spindle with cytoplasmic processes around the cell. There was also found vacuoles and vesicles in these cells. These results demonstrated that there was a morphological difference between species of vertebrate in the mast cells and their cytoplasmic granules. It was also suggested that a variety of structures of granules were closely related with the composition (histamine, heparin, serotonin, hyaluronic acid etc.) and mature of the granules.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.605-611
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• 2016

Ketamine is an anesthetic with hypertensive effects, which make it useful for patients at risk of shock. However, previous ex vivo studies reported vasodilatory actions of ketamine in isolated arteries. In this study, we reexamined the effects of ketamine on arterial tones in the presence and absence of physiological concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) by measuring the isometric tension of endothelium-denuded rat mesenteric arterial rings. Ketamine little affected the resting tone of control mesenteric arterial rings, but, in the presence of 5-HT (100~200 nM), ketamine ($10{\sim}100{\mu}M$) markedly contracted the arterial rings. Ketamine did not contract arterial rings in the presence of NE (10 nM), indicating that the vasoconstrictive action of ketamine is 5-HT-dependent. The concentration-response curves (CRCs) of 5-HT were clearly shifted to the left in the presence of ketamine ($30{\mu}M$), whereas the CRCs of NE were little affected by ketamine. The left shift of the 5-HT CRCs caused by ketamine was reversed with ketanserin, a competitive 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptor inhibitor, indicating that ketamine facilitated the activation of 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptors. Anpirtoline and BW723C86, selective agonists of 5-$HT_{1B}$ and 5-$HT_{2B}$ receptors, respectively, did not contract arterial rings in the absence or presence of ketamine. These results indicate that ketamine specifically enhances 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptor-mediated vasoconstriction and that it is vasoconstrictive in a clinical setting. The facilitative action of ketamine on 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptors should be considered in ketamine-induced hypertension as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases such as schizophrenia, wherein experimental animal models are frequently generated using ketamine.