• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.16C no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2009

Due to the popularity of mobile devices and advances in wireless communication technologies, a mobile ad hoc network has received a lot of attention. In the existing data replication management research, the use of a replica has been shown to be an efficient technique for improving data accessibility. However, to use a replica in ad hoc networks, the data consistency between the original data and the replica should be guaranteed. In the traditional research, a mobile node should check an original data whether the data is updated or not. However, It may be costly or sometimes impossible to check the original data. In the case of the time constraint applications, the checking cost can cause more serious problem. In this paper, we propose the time-guarantee based cache invalidation schemes for time constraint applications and the threshold based compensation method to enhance the time-guarantee based scheme. The proposed schemes can remove the "rollback" problem. Simulation results show that our schemes outperform the previous ones in terms of access time with little loss of data currency.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2010

The golden apple snail was introduced to the Korea from Japan as a potential food for people in 1983. It is one of the pests of direct-seeded rice in korea. This study was conducted to investigate rice(Oriza sativa) consumption and the extent of damage by the golden apple snail(Pomacea canaliculata) in direct-sown paddy fields. Food consumption of the golden apple snail was highest at $30^{\circ}C$. When the emergence of the 1st, 3rd, and 5th leave of rice supplied food, the consumption of young(shell height 15mm) and adult golden apple snail(over shell height 30mm) at $30^{\circ}C$ were 19.0/79.8, 11.0/54.5, 5.5/18.5, and 0.0/2.0 individuals, respectively. Young rice seedings(before 5th leaves of rice) are very susceptible to golden apple snail damage because the young, tender leaves and stems favor the snail's feeding habits. The field experiment with four treatments (0, 2, 5 and 10 individuals respectively per 10 $m^2$) was carried out. The most serious yield loss was 16% from the plot with 10 adults released at emergency stage of rice.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.175-185
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• 2017

As the gas is manufactured, handled and used more often due to the continuous increase of gas, the related facility gets expanded and more complex causing small and big accident which causes economic loss including damage for humans and materials. The gas pipeline, the most common gas facility, has the biggest risk of accidents. Especially in the urban area and densely populated areas, the accident due to the high pressure pipeline may cause even more serious damages. To prevent the accident caused by the buried pipeline, it is required for the relevant authorities to evaluate the damage and risk of the whole pipeline system effectively. A risk is usually defined as a possibility or probability of an undesired event happening, and there is always a risk even when the probability of failure is set low once the pipeline is installed or under operation. It is reported that the accident caused by the failure of the pipeline rarely happens, however, it is important to minimize the rate of accidents by analyzing the reason of failure as it could cause a huge damage of humans and property. Therefore, the paper rated the risk of pipelines with quantitative numbers using the qualitative risk analysis method of the Scoring Model. It is assumed that the result could be effectively used for practical maintenance and management of pipelines securing the safety of the pipes.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.4
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• pp.351-379
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• 2006

Former ministers of national defense and foreign affairs, intellectuals such as former and incumbent professors, and various NGO groups are demanding the South Korean government to stop promoting independence in operational control which is currently held by the United States Armed Forces in Korea commander. Although the Korea should exercise operational control independently in the future, orientation on the direction which should be taken under consideration in promoting this transfer should be assumed. First of all, South Korea must sufficiently examine the criticisms and dissenting opinions, and reflect them in promoting independence in operational control. From now on, the South Korean government should reflect the opinions of experts in operational control, and must promote the transfer with national consensus. Unilateral enforcement of the transfer may cause serious errors and aggravate conflicts Second, ROKA's exercise of independence in operational control should take place only after gaining restraint on North Korea's attack against the South, and the issues on nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction(WMD) has been resolved, and a peace regime has been reached. Furthermore, exercise of independence in wartime operational control should be promoted only if there is a guarantee that international trust and the military collaboration will be restored to a level beyond the present state. Third, the USFK and the Korean-US alliance is providing South Korea with national security, not to mention tremendous diplomatical, and economical benefits However, if the alliance between the two countries become weakened due to the exercise of the independence in operational control, we might suffer a great deal of loss. Even though reasonable justification and external independence may be gained through promoting independence in operational control, it should be promoted in a longitudinal manner because national security problems and conflicts may be intensified, and there is no actual profit in doing so. Fourth, if the Korean-US alliance becomes weakened and therefore the United States decides to discuss eastern-asia strategies, North Korea deterrence strategies, and Japanese rearmament issues with other neighboring countries, South Korea may become diplomatically isolated and a subordinate to surrounding countries, destroying the independence we have now instead of restoring it Therefore searching for means to reinforce international trust and collaboration between South Korea and the United States, and leaving ROKA’s independence in operational control as a long term objective would be a more realistic method.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2009

Adverse drug reactions (ADR) caused by inappropriate prescription are responsible for major socioeconomic loss. Drug-drug interactions (DDI) has been recognized as a major part of ADRs and, therefore, healthcare professionals should prevent possible DDIs to minimize preventable ADRs. This study aimed to examine DDI information in drug information references and Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) drug labeling information. Drug ingredients from the formulary of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea (HIRA) were included for the study. DDI information source used for the study were Micromedex Drugdex and Drug Information Facts (DIF) with the DDI severity level of "moderate" or more. The DDI information in KFDA drug labeling were collected and compared. Drug ingredients were classified with KFDA Drug Classification and ATC Classification of WHO for the analysis. Among the total 1,355 drug ingredients satisfying inclusion criteria, 738 ingredients involved at least one DDI, which was described in Micromedex and/or DIF. Drug Ingredients of 176 involved DDI only described in KFDA drug labeling, but not Micromedex nor DIF. Drug ingredients of 35 which DDIs were described in Micromedex or DIF did not have DDI based on KFDA drug labeling. Micromedex and DIF retrieved 7,582 and 3,071 DDIs, respectively 57.6% and 58.5% of DDIs were also described in KFDA drug labeling. Central nervous system (CNS) drugs, cardiovascular system (CVS) drugs and the antiinfectives appeared to have higher frequency of DDIs among all drug classes. The highest number of DDIs with high severity level ("contraindicated" or "major") were the DDIs of CNS drugs. The antiinfectives are the second drug group having serious DDIs. The DDI pairs of the CNS drug and the antiinfective had the highest contraindication risk (13.6%). DDI information from Micromedex and DIF were not consistent with the result that only 465 ingredients' DDIs are common in both literature (total DDI numbers were 715 vs 488, respectively). And 1,652 DDI information are common in both references among 7,582 vs 3,071 DDIs, respectively. Only 55.2% of DDI information in the database contained in the KFDA drug labeling. Prescribers and pharmacists should pay attention to the drugs for CV system, CNS and infections because of higher risk of possible DDIs compared to other drug classes. KFDA drug labeling is not likely to be recommended as a good information source for DDI due to significant inconsistency of information. Drug information providers should be aware that DDI information from different sources are not consistent and therefore multiple references should be used.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2013

Objective: The use of nanoparticle products is expected to present a potential harmful effect on consumers. Also, the lack of information regarding inhaled nanoparticles may pose a serious problem. In this study, we addressed this issue by studying pulmonary toxicity after nasal instillation of Al-NPs in SD rats. Methods: The animals were exposed to Al-NPs at 1 mg/kg body weight (low dose), 20 mg/kg body weight (medium dose) and 40 mg/kg body weight (high dose). To determine pulmonary toxicity, bronchoalveolar lavage (ts.AnBAL) fluid analysis and histopathological examination were conducted in rats. In addition, cell viability was investigated at 24 hours after the treatment with Al-NPs. Results: BAL fluid analysis showed that total cells (TC) count and total protein (TP) concentrations increased significantly in all treatment groups, approximately two to three times. Also, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 dose-dependently increased following nasal instillation of Al-NPs. However, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) levels showed no significant changes in a dose dependant manner in BAL fluid. In the cytotoxicity analysis, the treatment of Al-NPs significantly and dose-dependently induced cell viability loss (20 to 30%) and damage of cell membrane (5 to 10%) in rat normal lung epithelial cells (L2). Conclusions: Our results suggest that inhaled Al-NPs in the lungs may be removed quickly by alveolar macrophages with minimal inflammatory reaction, but Al-NPs have the potential to affect lung permeability. Therefore, extensive toxicity evaluations of Al-NPs are required prior to their practical application as consumer products.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.578-586
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• 2005

Recently, due to the launch of digital broadcasting service, the demand of Flat Panel Display (FPD) is sharply rising. Among them, the PDP is expected to be one of the most promising digital displays of next generation because of its large screen size, high resolution, thinness and board field of view. Meanwhile, the PDP uses ADS (Address Display-period Separation) scheme which divide one subfield into address and sustaining period to express the grey scale of images. Since the output of sustaining power module Is mostly used for sustaining period, the load of the sustaining power module can be considered as a pulsating load. Due to this particular load condition, if the wide ZVS range of the power switches is not guaranteed, the hard switching causes large amount of switching loss and serious thermal problem in power module. In this paper, a high efficiency power conversion circuit for 60' PDP sustaining power module which achieves wide ZVS range with the help of additional ZVS tank is proposed. According to the various gating methods, the different operations of the proposed converter are presented. And, to confirm the properties of the proposed converter, an experimental prototype of 900W power converter is constructed md tested. As a result, more than $92\%$ of high efficiency is obtained at $10\%$ load condition, and the ZVS operation is achieved from full load to $10\%$ load condition.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 2016

Red ginseng is known to have many beneficial effects. Cisplatin, an effective antineoplastic drug, can cause many side effects like irreversible sensorineural hearing loss and serious tinnitus in humans. This study is aimed to reduce a cisplatin's side effect, nephrotoxicity by fermentated korean red ginseng. Korea ginseng was produced by steaming and dring and fermentation. And mice were divided into 4 groups- (A) normal mice, (B) Vehicle treated cisplatin mice, (C) RG0F0-treated cisplatin mice, (D) RG8F3-treated cisplatin mice. C and D groups were feed each material 200 mg/kg/day during 4 days. And cisplatin 20 mg/kg injected to B, C, and D groups as abdominal injection. After 24 h, blood sample was collected. The kidneys were harvested for histological, immuno histochemical and western blot analysis. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity was depended on steaming hours. RG0F0 and RG8F3 (ginseng-8 h steamed and fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were showed antioxidants effect in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Component amounts according to steaming hours. 8 h steamed red ginseng had the most ingredients of ginsenoside. Treatments with RG8F3 reduced cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in the mice resulting in increase of GSH and decrease of ROS, BUN, creatinine, and inflammatory mediators. This result seems to be involved with the restriction of the inflammation in the kidney. Therefore, fermented red ginseng might have therapeutic efficacy in reduce kidney injury induced by cisplatin treatment.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1264-1274
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 분산된 클록들을 주기적으로 동기화 시키는 분산 실시간 시스템에서 시간적 제약을 만족시키기 위한 정적/동적 시간 제약(timing constraint) 변환 기법을 제안한다. 전형적인 이산클록동기화(discrete clock synchronization) 알고리즘은 클록의 값을 순간적으로 조정하여 클록의 시간이 불연속적으로 진행한다. 이러한 시간상의 불연속성은 시간적 이벤트를 잃어버리거나 다시 발생시키는 오류를 범하게 한다.클록 시간의 불연속성을 피하기 위해 일반적으로 연속클록동기화(continuous clock synchronization) 기법이 제안되고 있지만 소프트웨어적으로 구현되면 많은 오버헤드를 유발시키는 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 시간적 제약을 동적으로 변환시키는 DCT (Dynamic Constraint Transformation) 기법을 제안하였으며, 이를 통해 기존의 이산클록동기화 알고리즘을 수정하지 않고서도 클록 시간의 불연속성에 의한 문제점들을 해결할 수 있도록 하였다. 아울러 DCT에 의해 이산클록동기화 하에서 생성된 태스크 스케쥴이 연속클록동기화에 의해 생성된 스케쥴과 동일함을 증명하여 DCT의 동작이 이론적으로 정확함을 증명하였다.또한 분산 실시간 시스템에서 지역 클록(local clock)이 기준 클록과 완벽하게 일치하지 않아서 발생하는 스케쥴링상의 문제점을 다루었다. 이를 위해 먼저 두 가지의 스케쥴링 가능성, 지역적 스케쥴링 가능성(local schedulability)과 전역적 스케쥴링 가능성(global schedulability)을 정의하고, 이를 위해 시간적 제약을 정적으로 변환시키는 SCT (Static Constraint Transformation) 기법을 제안하였다. SCT를 통해 지역적으로 스케쥴링 가능한 태스크는 전역적으로 스케쥴링이 가능하므로, 단지 지역적 스케쥴링 가능성만을 검사하면 스케쥴링 문제를 해결할 수 있도록 하였고 이를 수학적으로 증명하였다.Abstract In this paper, we present static and dynamic constraint transformation techniques for ensuring timing requirements in a distributed real-time system possessing periodically synchronized distributed local clocks. Traditional discrete clock synchronization algorithms that adjust local clocks instantaneously yield time discontinuities. Such time discontinuities lead to the loss or the gain of events, thus raising serious run-time faults.While continuous clock synchronization is generally suggested to avoid the time discontinuity problem, it incurs too much run-time overhead to be implemented in software. We propose a dynamic constraint transformation (DCT) technique which can solve the problem without modifying discrete clock synchronization algorithms. We formally prove the correctness of the DCT by showing that the DCT with discrete clock synchronization generates the same task schedule as the continuous clock synchronization.We also investigate schedulability problems that arise when imperfect local clocks are used in distributed real-time systems. We first define two notions of schedulability, global schedulability and local schedulability, and then present a static constraint transformation (SCT) technique. The SCT ensures that it is sufficient to check the schedulability of a task locally in a node with a local clock, since the global schedulability of the task is derived from its local schedulability through SCT. We formally prove the correctness of SCT.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.181-185
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• 2007

Purpose: Cleft lip and/or palate is the most common congenital facial anomaly whose incidence is about 1 in 500~1000 live births. As this anomaly may be associated with the serious chromosomal anomalies or the multiple organ abnormalities resulting in the fetal loss or perinatal maternal morbidity and mortality, careful prenatal counseling with early and accurate detection is important. Although conventional prenatal ultrasound(US) examination in midterm pregnancy has been applied for screening of cleft lip, there are definite limitations in the diagnosis of accompanying cleft palate or alveolar cleft. We applied high-resolution 3D US along the serial axial, coronal and sagittal plane so that we could diagnose the cleft palate and/or alveolar cleft in fetuses with cleft lip. Methods: From May 2005 to September 2005, 20 fetuses with cleft lip were examined with prenatal 3D US. Average maternal age was 28.8 years old(24-35 years old), and average gestational age was 24.8 weeks(17.6 to 34.2 weeks). Consecutive axial, coronal and sagittal multislice view were obtained via prenatal 3D US examination and diagnosis of cleft palate and/or alveolar cleft in cleft lip fetuses was followed. Results: With noninvasive and safe prenatal 3D US examination, 17 of 20 cleft lip fetuses were demonstrated to have cleft palate and/or alveolar cleft. Prenatal counseling according to the result was made. Conclusion: Existing prenatal US examination is suitable for screening the cleft lip fetuses but has limitation in identifying the related existence of cleft palate and/ or alveolar cleft. Authors verify the presence of cleft palate and/or alveolar cleft acquiring the successive multislice axial, coronal, and sagittal view with prenatal 3D US examination. Therefore, prenatal 3D US examination could be regarded as a noninvasive and secure screening modality in fetuses with cleft lip for confirming whether cleft palate and/or alveolar cleft is accompanied.