• 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국미생물학회 2000년도 International Meeting 2000
• /
• pp.23-36
• /
• 2000

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the causative agent of a mosquito-borne encephalitis and is transmitted to human via persistently infected mosquito vectors. Although the virus is known to cause only acute infection, there were reports that showed neurological sequelae, latent infection in peripheral mononuclear cells, and recurrence of the disease after acute encephalitis. Innate resistance of certain cell lines, abnormal SN1 expression of the virus, and anti-apoptotic effect of cullular bcl-2 have been suggested as probable causes of JEV persistence even in the absence of defective interfering (DI) particles. Although possible involvement of DI particles in JEV persistence was suggested, neither has a direct evidence for DI presence nor its molecular characterization been made. Two questions asked in this study are whether the DI virus plays any role in JEV persistent infection if it is associated with and what type of change(s) can be made in persistently infected cells to avoid apoptosis even with the continuous virus replication, DI-free standard stock of JEV was infected in BHK-21, Vero, and SW13 cells and serial high multiplicity passages were performed in order to generate DI particles. There different-sized DI RNA species which were defective in both structural and nonstructural protein coding genes. Rescued ORFs of the DI genome maintained in-frame and the presence of replicative intermediate or replicative form RNA of the DI particles confirmed their replication competence. On the other hand, several clones with JEV persistent infection were established from the cells survived acute infections during the passages. Timing of the DI virus generation during the passages seemed coincide to the appearance of persistently infected cells. The DI RNAs were identified in most of persistently infected cells and were observed throughout the cell maintenance. One of the cloned cell line maintained the viral persistence without DI RNA coreplication. The cells with viral persistence released the reduced but continuous infectious JEV particle for up to 9 months and were refractory to homologous virus superinfection but not to heterologous challenges. Unlike the cells with acute infection these cells were devoid of characteristic DNA fragmentation and JEV-induced apoptosis with or without homologous superinfection. Therefore, the DI RNA generated during JEV undiluted serial passage on mammalian cells was shown to be biologically active and it seemed to be responsible, at least in part, for the establishment and maintenance of the JEV persistence in mammalian cells. Viral persistence without DI RNA coreplication, as in one of the cell clones, supports that JEV persistent infection could be maintained with or without the presence of DI particles. In addition, the fact that the cells with JEV persistence were resistant against homologous virus superinfection, but not against heterologous one, suggests that different viruses have their own and independent pathway for cytopathogenesis even if viral cytopathic effect could be converged to an apoptosis after all.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.139-147
• /
• 2001

Objectives: The most important differential point of follicular carcinoma from adenoma is capsular invasion or angioinvasion of follicular cells. Serial sections for examination of levels of tumor margins are necessary to watch the invasion. However, the interpretation of capsular invasion or angioinvasion is sometimes not feasible on the routine staining of tumor tissue. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical significance of expressions of $p27^{KIP1}$, MIB-1, bcl-2 and p53 in differential diagnosis of follicular adenoma and carcinoma. Materials and Methods: 16 cases of follicular carcinoma and 26 cases of follicular adenoma were entered on study of immunohistochemical stains for $p27^{KIP1}$, MIB-1, bcl-2 and p53. In carcinoma cases, correlation between the above markers, patient's age, tumor size, infiltration pattern and metastasis was studied. Results: $p27^{KIP1}$ labelling index (LI) of follicular carcinoma and adenoma was $4.89{\pm}6.92$ and $14.52{\pm}9.17$, respectively, but there was no significant difference between adenoma and carcinoma (p=0.2560). MIB-1 LI of carcinoma and adenoma was $4.11{\pm}3.89$ and $0.80{\pm}0.75$, respectively, and MIB-1 LI was significantly higher in carcinoma (p=0.0000). bcl-2 expression was seen in 2(12.5%) of 16 carcinoma cases and 130(50.0%) of 26 adenoma cases, and bcl-2 expression rate was higher in adenoma than in carcinoma(p=0.014). In one adenoma and one carcinoma case, p53 expression was noted. In follicular adenoma with atypia compared to adenoma without atypia, lower $p27^{KIP1}$ LI, higher MIB-1 LI and lower bcl-2 expression rate were seen. In follicular carcinoma, MIB-1 LI was significantly higher in invasive carcinoma(p=0.045) and was relatively increased in tumors larger than 3.0cm, showing angioinvasion and distant metastasis. But $p27^{KIP1}$ LI was higher in cases over 40 years old(p=0.008) and with conspicuous capsular invasion. There were no positive correlations between expressions of MIB-1, bcl-2 and p53. Conclusion: MIB-1 labelling index and bcl-2 expression could be helpful for differential diagnosis of follicular adenoma and carcinoma, but p53 showed very low expression rate and no significance in differential diagnosis. $p27^{KIP1}$ labelling index reveals decreasing tendency in carcinoma compared with adenoma, MIB-1 LI was considered as a poor prognostic marker in follicular carcinoma, but $p27^{KIP1}$ LI was higher in carcinoma cases over 40 years old with showing conspicuous capsular invasion. Further study for the significance of $p27^{KIP1}$ labelling index in follicular neoplasms is necessary to evaluate diagnostic value of follicular carcinoma.

• 대한한방내과학회지
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.113-121
• /
• 2013

목 적 : 본 연구에서는 침치료가 비만치료의 주요방법인 식욕억제에 효과적인지 알아보기 위하여 굶긴 쥐 시상하부에서 NPY와 LR의 발현 변화를 실험을 통하여 연구하였다. 방 법 : 생후 6주 Sprague-Dawley rats를 한 군에 다섯 마리씩 배정하여 대조군-무치료, 대조군-이침치료, 대조군-족삼리치료, 대조군-임의혈치료, 실험군-무치료, 실험군-이침치료, 실험군-족삼리치료, 실험군-임의혈치료의 8군으로 분류하여 실험하였다. 실험군은 3일간 물만 공급하고 사료를 금식시켰고, 침자극은 하루 2회 3일간 시행하였다. 침은 직경 0.3 mm 이었고, 양측혈을 사용하였고, 2-4 mm 깊이로 자입 하였으며, 20분 유침하였다. 3일 후 pentobarbital로 마취하여 사망시켰고, 4% paraformaldehyde로 조직을 고정한 후 뇌조직을 관상으로 $40{\mu}m$두께로 잘랐다. 식욕조절중후인 시상하부의 paraventricular nucleus(PVN)에서 NPY와 LR의 발현을 면역조직법으로 보았다. 결 과 : 굶기지 않은 대조군에 비하여 굶긴 실험군에서 시상하부 PVN 에서 NPY의 증가와 LR 감소가 나타났다. 굶긴 실험군에 이침, 족삼리, 임의혈 자침시 시상하부 PVN 에서 NPY의 감소가 나타났으며, 이침이 타침 자침에 비하여 NPY의 감소를 더욱 크게 나타냈다. 굶기지 않은 정상상태에서 이침, 족삼리, 임의혈 자침시 NPY의 증가가 있었으며 이는 자침에 의한 스트레스로 인한 것으로 보여진다. 굶긴 실험군에 이침 자침 시에만 시상하부 PVN에서 LR의 증가가 있었으며 정상상태에서 자침시 LR 발현의 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 연구결과로서 이침치료가 식욕을 억제하는데 가장 유의한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.45-55
• /
• 2008

목적: 45세 이하의 유방암 환자의 종양조직의 파라핀 블록을 조직미세배열법(Tissue Microarray, TMA)으로 만들어 에스트로겐 수용체(ER), 프로게스테론 수용체(PR), HER-2, COX-2 및 Survivin 등 5가지의 생체표지자의 발현상태와 상호관계, 환자의 치료 후 추적관찰 상태와 관련성을 분석하여 예후인자로서의 의의를 연구하는 데 있다. 대상 및 방법: 1994년 3월부터 2005년 8월까지 수술을 시행한 45세 이하의 유방암 환자 중에서 TMA 분석이 가능한 212명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 환자의 나이는 23세부터 45세까지로 중앙 나이가 39세이었으며 최소 추적관찰기간은 24개월, 중앙 추적 관찰기간은 60개월이었다. 45세 이하의 환자를 선택한 후 수술 조직표본을 찾아 HE 염색된 슬라이드를 통해 암 부위를 표시한 후 TMA 장비를 통해 미세조직배열을 만들었다. 그리고 다섯 가지 생체표지자에 대한 면역조직화학 염색을 시행하였으며 병리전문의가 판독하였다. 그리고 이 결과와 환자들의 연령, 병기, 림프절 전이, 수술방법, 다양한 약물요법과 가족력 등 여러 가지 인자와 환자의 추적 관찰 결과를 입력하여 예후인자들을 분석하였다. 결과: T 병기에 따른 환자 분포는 T1이 90명, T2가 101명으로 다수를 차지하였고 105명(49.5%)에서 액와 림프절의 전이가 있었다. 모든 환자의 5년 무병 생존율과 5년 생존율은 각각 82.3%, 90.4%이었으며 36명의 환자가 국소 재발이나 원격전이가 추적 관찰기간에 발생하였고 20명은 암과 관련하여 사망하였다. ER, PR, HER-2, COX-2, 그리고 survivin의 양성 발현비율은 각각 38.2%, 45.3%, 25.9%, 41.5%와 43.4%이었으며 종양의 크기, 나이, 림프절 전이의 여부, 호르몬 수용체의 상태, 그리고 HER-2의 상태가 무병 생존기간에 대한 단변량 분석상 중요한 예후인자 이었으며 생존율에 미치는 영향은 종양의 크기, 림프절의 전이, 호르몬 수용체, 그리고 HER-2의 발현이었다. COX-2나 survivin은 예후인자로서의 역할을 찾을 수 없었으나 HER-2와 COX-2가 동시에 발현되는 경우에 예후가 나쁜 경향을 관찰할 수 있었다. 다변량 분석상 오직 T-병기와 림프절의 전이 여부만이 중요한 예후 인자이었고 ER은 경계의 의미가 있었다. 결론: 45세 이하의 여성 유방암 환자에서 호르몬 수용체 상태와 HER-2는 예후인자이었고 COX-2와 survivin은 예후인자로서의 역할을 찾을 수 없었다.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.496-502
• /
• 2008

Cryparin, encoded as a single copy gene (Crp) of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, is the most abundant protein produced by this fungus. However, its accumulation is decreased remarkably in C. parastica strains containing the double-stranded (ds) RNA virus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1. To characterize the transcriptional regulatory element(s) for strong expression and viral regulation, promoter analysis was conducted. Serial deletion of the Crp promoter region resulted in a step-wise decrease in promoter activity, indicating a localized distribution of genetic elements in the cryparin promoter. Promoter analysis indicated two positive and a repressive cis-acting elements. Among them, the promoter region between nt -1,282 and -907 appeared to be necessary for hypoviral-mediated down-regulation. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) on the corresponding promoter region (-1,282/-907) indicated two regions at (-1,257/-1,158) and (-1,107/-1,008) with the characteristic AGGAGGA-N42-GAGAGGA and its inverted repeat TCCTCTC-N54-TCCTCCT, respectively, appeared to be specific binding sites for cellular factors.

• 복식
• /
• 제64권2호
• /
• pp.113-125
• /
• 2014

Creative thinking requires an ability to draw ideas on the given topic in a given time period with concentration. For this, the development process of design concept on the topic was collected through experiments and interviews targeting 10 fashion education experts and 10 clothing majors. After the analysis, the results are as follows: First of all, divergent thinking was done to find as many ideas and possibilities as possible at the step of expanding the topic by analogy. This showed characteristics of spreading thoughts through the spread of lexicon to professional field knowledge of learned, individual's cultural background, other art fields. Second, abstracted and designed words that are expanded and listed by the topic analogy were specified the topic gradually through the free combination method between lexicons. The sentences made by the combination of lexicons were interpreted through the serial listing method, in which the connection between sentences had the meaning of orderly cause and effect form, and the parallel listing method that treated information at once. Third, the few characteristics of the procedure that visualizing into the specific design are as follows. Firstly, the method to transform image that lexicon has into the one appropriate to the topic, the case that reflects external characteristics of selected designed word, and the case which reflects as the extrinsic expression of personal immanent and tactic desires. This study has its means to propose methods and directions to help create more creative and systematic ideas by analyzing the characteristics that appeared during the process of thinking language-oriented design.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
• /
• pp.7-8
• /
• 2003

Since it was first reported in 1997, somatic cell cloning has been demonstrated in several other mammalian species. On the mouse, it can be cloned from embryonic stem (ES) cells, fetus-derived cells, and adult-derived cells, both male and female. While cloning efficiencies range from 0 to 20%, rates of just 1-2% are typical (i.e. one or two live offspring per one hundred initial embryos). Recently, abnormalities in mice cloned from somatic cells have been reported, such as abnormal gene expression in embryo (Boiani et al., 2001, Bortvin et al., 2003), abnormal placenta (Wakayama and Yanagimachi 1999), obesity (Tamashiro et ai, 2000, 2002) or early death (Ogonuki et al., 2002). Such abnormalities notwithstanding, success in generating cloned offspring has opened new avenues of investigation and provides a valuable tool that basic research scientists have employed to study complex processes such as genomic reprogramming, imprinting and embryonic development. On the other hand, mouse ES cell lines can also be generated from adult somatic cells via nuclear transfer. These 'ntES cells' are capable of differentiation into an extensive variety of cell types in vitro, as well assperm and oocytes in vivo. Interestingly, the establish rate of ntES cell line from cloned blastocyst is much higher than the success rate of cloned mouse. It is also possible to make cloned mice from ntES cell nuclei as donor, but this serial nuclear transfer method could not improved the cloning efficiency. Might be ntES cell has both character between ES cell and somatic cell. A number of potential agricultural and clinical applications are also are being explored, including the reproductive cloning of farm animals and therapeutic cloning for human cell, tissue, and organ replacement. This talk seeks to describe both the relationship between nucleus donor cell type and cloning success rate, and methods for establishing ntES cell lines. (중략)

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.138-146
• /
• 1985

포도당 이성화효소를 coding는 Bacillus licheniformis ATCC31667의 유전자를 Escherichia coli LE 392-6에 클로닝하였다. Bacillus lieheniformis 염색체 DNA를 분리하고 제한효소인 Pst I.HindIII, Sal 1, EcoR 1, BamH1으로 절단한 후 운반제 plasmid인 pBR332에 연결하고 포도당 이성화효소 negative인 E. coli LE 3926-6에 형질전환하였다. 이중 E채꺄 제한효소를 사용한 것만이 glucose isomerase positive로 전환되어 xylose를 유일 탄소원으로 하여 성장하였다. 이 제조합 plasmid를 제한효소로 처리하여 본 결과 4.1Kb의 Bacillus licheniformisdb전자가 옮겨 졌음을 확인했고 여기에 제한효소 HindII와 Puv II의 절단위치가 확인되어 제한요소 지도를 작정하였다. 이 재조합 plasmid pBGI6는 연속계대 10일 후에도 매우안정하게 유지되었다. 한편 포도당 이정화 효소의 안정을 측정하여 본 바 야생숙주에 비해 약 20배의 증가를 나타냈다.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.447-454
• /
• 2014

최근에 양자회로 합성과 관련한 대부분의 방법들은 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션에 적합한 서술적 표현 구조를 채택하고 있어 합성된 양자함수들에 대한 분석이 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 구조가 단순하고 직관적 사고가 가능한 양자회로의 새로운 함수표현법을 제안한다. 본 논문 제안사항은 타깃라인상의 유니터리 연산자들의 직렬 적 행렬연산을 멱함수의 산술연산과 modulo 2 연산이란 수학적 치환을 통해 유니터리 연산자의 제어입력을 자신의 멱함수로 합성하는 새로운 함수합성에 있다. 본 논문의 함수합성 알고리듬은 의사-제어된 NCV-양자게이트를 이용한 가역 및 비가역 양자회로들의 함수표현과 새로운 함수합성에 유용하다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.710-715
• /
• 2005

A novel recombinant baculovirus, Bactrus, was constructed by the insertion of the Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ac gene between two polyhedrin genes of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV) under the control of the polyhedrin gene promoter. Polyhedra produced by Bactrus in insect cells were incorporated with 130 kDa of polyhedrin-Cry1Ac-polyhedrin fusion protein, and 30 kDa of intact polyhedrin, resulting from a homologous recombination between two polyhedrin genes, was also expressed. The insecticidal activity of Bactrus against Spodoptera exigua larvae was similar to that of AcNPV, but it showed significantly higher toxicity towards Plutella xylostella larvae in comparison with that of AcNPV. The expression level of fusion protein and the insecticidal activity of recombinant polyhedra produced by the Bactrus against P. xylostella larvae were decreased after serial passages. In conclusion, the Bactrus had improved insecticidal activity and returned to wild-type AcNPV after several passages.