• 영어영문학
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.1245-1261
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to show the internal structure of the socalled sentential subject constructions in English. The constructions that we examine in this paper are such as It seems that John failed in the syntax exam vs. *That John failed in the syntax exam seems and It really stinks that the Giants lost the World Series vs. That the Giants lost the World Series really stinks. As seen above, the English verb seem does not tolerate the sentential subject. This is in sharp contrast to other English verbs such as suck, blow, bite, and stink, which do allow the sentential subject. There are several issues regarding these constructions. First, where is the sentential subject located? Second, is the sentential subject assigned structural Case? Third, is the sentential subject extraposed or does it remain in its base-generated complement position? Fourth, is the sentential subject a base-generated topic in the specifier position of CP, as Arlenga (2005) claims? In this paper, we argue that sentential subjects are base-generated in the specifier of the verbal phrase in case of stink-type verbs, while they are licensed as a complement to verbs like seem. We also argue that a sentential subject can be raised in the seem-type verbal constructions, if it were part of the complement small clause.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제37권12호
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• pp.928-935
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• 2010

문서에서 생략된 요소가 지시하는 대상을 식별해 내는 작업은 기계 번역, 정보추출 등과 같은 자연언어처리 분야의 다양한 응용들을 위해 필요하다. 문장에서 생략된 요소들은 영조응사, 영대명사 등으로 불리며, 지시(reference)의 한 유형으로 간주되고 있지만, 모든 영형이 문서에서 명확하게 언급된 지시 대상을 지시하지는 않는다. 이에 영형의 조응성을 결정하려는 연구가 최근 진행되고 있으며, 본 논문에서는 한국어에서 가장 빈번하게 나타나는 영형 주어(subject zero pronouns)의 문장 내 조응성 결정에 초점을 맞춘다. 주어진 영형과 선행사 후보들 간의 쌍대 비교(pairwise comparison)에 기반한 기존 연구와 달리, 본 논문은 비조응적 혹은 문장 간에서 해결 가능한 영형이 나타난 절의 구조를 직접 학습함으로써 영형의 문장 내 조응성을 결정한다. 실험에서 제안한 방법은 베이스라인보다 나은 성능을 보였으며, 영형의 조응성 결정은 향후 영형 조응어 해석에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제33권
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• pp.407-459
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• 2013

The paper pragmatically analyzes ellipsis in Russian and Polish colloquial and informal texts. The famous Polish writer Sławomir $Mro{\dot{z}}ek^{\prime}s$ "Exit to the South", written in Polish and Russian is used as a material for the analysis. Russian and Polish ellipsis in colloquial and informal texts have in common that the givenness and subjecthood of the elliptical co-referent play a crucial role. However, the ellipsis in two languages also has differences in many ways. Above all, in the Polish texts of colloquial and informal style, a theme is likely to be elliptical and the coreferential relation reaches to an extra-sentential antecedent, while the ellipsis in analysed Russian texts in most cases requires coordinate, subordinate or relative clauses, and the elliptical co-referent tends to have an intra-sentential antecedent. The ellipsis of the theme-subject is unmarked in Polish, where every verbal form has an ending denoting person. Unlike formal style which often allows explicit noun subject, Polish text of colloquial and informal style prefer null form of the subject in most cases. If Polish sentences have explicit theme-subjects, they disambiguate intervening and main themes, and indicate the contrast, the focus, the introduction of new narratives or the change of speaker's point of view. Sometimes direct speeches and deictic pronouns also need explicit theme-subjects in Polish sentences. On the other hand, the ellipsis of the theme-subject is marked in Russian even in colloquial and informal texts. The theme-subject can be deleted in Russian colloquial and informal texts, if the subject is a form of the first or the second person, or if the aspect and the tense of the antecedent sentence's verb are the same as those of the given sentence's verb and both the antecedent and the coreferential word have the nominative case.

• 인지과학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.97-116
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• 1995

본 연구는 문장 표상형성 과정에서 통사적 제약과 화용적 제약이 시간경과에 따라 각 구성성분의 표상 및 기억접근에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고자 실시되었다.통사적 제약과 화용적 제약을 분리시키기 위해 구성성분의 통사적 역할(주어,목적어)과 언급순서(첫째,둘째)를 조작하였고, 문장 구성성분의 표상강도를 기억접근의 용이서을 통해 살펴보기 위해 각 문장을 마디별로 제시한 후 목표단어의 재인 반응시간을 측정하였다. 탐사재인의 지연시간이 255ms인 실험 1에서는 주어가 목적어보다 그리고 먼저 언급된 정보가 나중에 언급된 정보보다 각각 28ms씩 기억접근 시간이 빠르 것으로 나타났으나,지연시간이 1540ms으로 기렁진 실험2에서는 주어와 목적어간의 기억접근 시간의 차이는 없었고 먼저 언급된 정보가 나중에 언급된 정보에 비해 기억접근 시간이 48ms가 빠른 것으로 나타났다.따라서 통사적 제약과 화용적 제약 모두 문장 표상형성 과정의 초기에는 독립적인 효과를 미치나 일정시간이 경과하면서 통사적 제약의 효과는 사라지며 화용적 제약의 효과만 남는다고 할수 있다.본 연구의 이러한 결과는 문장의 기억표상이 중다제약의 수렴적 만족에 으해서 점진적으로 심성모형을 형성하는 과정이라는 이론적 입장을 지지한다.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.301-314
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• 2009

This study explores the function of the affixes -en and -ing that could influence the theta-roles of verbs to which the affixes are attached. The two affixes often appear in the synthetic compounds in English. The results are as follows. First, the affixes -en and -ing link the theta-role realized in the subject of the verb to the noun followed, which is proposed as Theta-linking Principle: that is, the affixes -en and -ing link the theta-role realized in the subject of the verb to the noun followed. Second, in the synthetic compounds including the affixes -en and -ing, the left element must not be the subject of the verb, which is the Synthetic Compound Constraint. And the affix -er link thematic roles of the sentential subject, such as Agent, Instrument. Thus, this study aims to find out the function of the affixes on the point of lexical functional approach.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2012

In accounting for the so-called copy raising (CR) in English, the movement perspective has assumed that the embedded subject of the CR verb's sentential complement is raised to the matrix subject, leaving behind its pronominal copy. This kind of movement-based analysis raises both empirical and analytical issues, when considering variations in the pronominal copy constraint. This paper investigates the actual uses of the construction, using online-available corpora. Based on this corpus search, we classify two different types of copy raising predicates (genuine and perception), and discuss their grammatical properties in detail. We suggest that the simple copying rule couched upon movement operations is not enough to capture great variations in the uses of the construction, and show that interpretive constraints, e.g., perceptual characterization condition, play an important role in licensing the construction.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.223-252
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• 2018

인도네시아어 보어에 대한 일반적인 정의는 "서술어를 완전하게 만드는 절의 한 부분으로 서술어의 오른쪽에 위치한다."라고 서술되고 있으나 서술어를 완전하게 혹은 보충한다는 것이 어느 범위까지 서술어의 의미가 완벽하게 되는지 추상적인 설명이 된다. 통사적인 면에서 볼 때 "서술어를 완전하게 만드는 절의 한 부분으로 서술어의 오른쪽에 위치한다."라는 설명을 들 수 있다. 그러나 본 글에서 여러 학자의 설명을 분석해 볼 때 동사 서술어의 형태 및 기능, 그리고 의미 파악이 선행되어야 보어에 대한 문장구조를 파악할 수 있다. 즉 보어 개념을 분석하기 위하여는 형태-통사론적 측면 즉 서술어 구를 이루는 다양한 형태의 형용사와 동사의 기능 및 의미를 정확히 이해하고 뒤따르는 보어의 다양한 형태를 논할 수 있었다. 이 글의 서술 방법으로 최근 학자들의 다양한 견해를 소개하고 형태적으로 혹은 통사적으로 학자들의 의견 및 잘못된 편견에 대한 분석을 시도하였으며 아직 연구의 필요성이 있는 몇몇 형태의 보어 구문에 대한 문제점을 제시하였다.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.127-143
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• 2009

Tough-construction is, undoubtedly, one of the most puzzling syntactic problems in the history of transformational grammar. Various approaches have been proposed including Deletion approaches (Akmajian, 1972; Lasnik and Fiengo, 1974) and movement approaches. Among the movement approaches, Chomsky (1977; 1981) argues for movement of null Operator, and Hornstein (2001) argues for a two-step movement equipped with Sideward movement. Most recently, Schueler (2004) and Hartman (2009) each have also argued for a kind of movement approach. With the development of the Minimalist syntax (Chomsky, 1995; Chomsky, 2000; Chomsky, 2001), tough-construction, an age old problem in the description of grammar, turns into another round toward to a more satisfactory answer. By examining the most recent competing analyses of tough-constructions, this paper defends and extends Schueler's (2004) analysis, rather than Hartman's (2009) two step movement approach. Furthermore, this paper proposes that tough-subject originates from the intermediate CP internal Spec-TopicP position rather than from the iterated CP layer (Authier, 1992). This approach has more descriptive power than it was originally argued for in Schueler (2004) and is a step closer toward Minimalism insofar as the conception of government is no longer utilized.

• 인문언어
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• 제5권
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• pp.109-126
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• 2003

The aim of this paper is to elucidate ancient Chinese philosophy and linguistics through the concept of the Dao. Ancient Chinese thought had developed together with ancient Chinese theories of language and the linguistic features of Classical Chinese. The concept of the Dao served as an intermediary among them. The Dao which ancient Chinese philosophers sought for has several characteristics: ethical normativity, wholeness, dynamicity, non-reducibility. Linguistic studies also revealed them. The following linguistic features of Classical Chinese are the cause and/or the effect of such Dao-based philosophy and linguistics: No explicit subject-predicate sentential structure, no parts of speech, heavy reliance on the word order and context for meaning determination, no explicit distinction between compound words and a sentence, the pictographic or the ideographic features of Chinese graphs, and non-existence of a copula.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.117-137
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• 2003

This paper attempts to provide an alternative analysis involving categorical issues related to English gerunds. Especially, this paper rejects Maulof's approach that creates a new syntactic category gerund by mixing nominal and verbal categories. This paper identifies two syntactic structures in English gerunds: nominal gerunds and verbal gerunds. This distinction is based on syntactic and semantic characteristics of each type and is intended to account for the external distribution and endocentricity of the construction. Treating verbal gerunds syntactically as verbal categories, this paper proposes that English verbal gerunds act like other verbal categories such as infinitives whereas nominal gerunds behaves much like derived nominals. This paper proposes a few lexical rules that can take care of the two types of gerunds. The proposal can be extended to prepositional complements as well as sentential subject positions. This proposal not only resolves the issues involving distributional properties of the gerund construction but also captures syntactic parallelism observable between gerunds and other verbal constructions in English.