• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2002년도 11월 학술대회지
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• pp.73-76
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to research Korean boundary tone of sentence type and perceptive speaker's attitude according to speech rate - three type. In view of the preceding study, Korean intonation's meaning is determined by boundary tone. Also, in my experimental results, Korean boundary tone of sentence type has preferential tone. However, Korean boundary tone of sentence type is not influential according to speech rate. The speech rate's change of three pattern is influential in auditor's perceptual response. The relationship between the pitch contour of boundary tone and speech rate is not significant.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2003년도 5월 학술대회지
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• pp.43-47
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• 2003

This paper is phonetic study of $F_{0}$ range and boundary tone in Mandarin Chinese. The production data from 6 Chinese speakers show that there are declination, pitch resetting and tonal variation of boundary tone. In declarative sentence, $F_{0}$ declines gradually over the utterance but mid-sentence boundary prevents $F_{0}$ of following syllable from declining because of pitch resetting. $F_{0}$ range of syllable is expanded before the mid- and final sentence boundaries. In interrogative one, $F_{0}$ ascends gradually over the utterance and mid-sentence boundary makes $F_{0}$ of following syllable rise more. $F_{0}$ range of sentence final syllable is expanded and $F_{0}$ contour shows rising curve.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

본 연구는 한국어 동형다의 종결어미 '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 의미 변별에 작용하는 경계성조와 선행음절의 음높이와의 상관성을 지각실험을 통해 살펴보고 이를 바탕으로 '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 의미변별에 관여하는 핵심 운율변수가 무엇인지 살펴보았다. '-(으)ㄹ걸'은 추측과 후회를 전달하는 대표적인 동음다의어인데 이 두 의미가 동일한 통사·형태구조를 지닌 서술문의 형태로 제시된다. 이러한 연유로 의미 변별을 위해 문장 경계 억양의 역할이 중요하게 여겨졌다. 전통적으로 추측은 오름의 경계성조로, 후회는 내림의 경계성조로 실현되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 선행연구에서는 경계성조의 유형과 더불어 선행음절과의 음높이 차이 또한 '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 의미 변별에 핵심적 운율변수로 작용할 수 있음이 지적되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 경계성조 형태가 '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 의미를 변별하는 유일한 운율변수가 아닐 수 있다는 가정하에, '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 마지막 두 음절의 음높이차가 경계성조 형태와 어떤 양상으로 상호작용하는지 한국어원어민 화자를 대상으로 한 지각실험을 통해 조사하였다. 지각 실험에 사용된 문장은 추측문장의 경계성조의 음높이를 선행음절의 평균음높이와 -5 Qt-15 Qt 차이로 조절한 21문장에 원 자료를 포함한 22문장과 후회문장의 경계성조의 음높이를 선행음절의 평균 음높이와 -10 Qt-10 Qt 차이로 조절한 21문장에 원 자료를 포함한 22문장, 그리고 이들 문장을 혼합한 44문장을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 지각실험은 이들 각각의 실험자료를 별개로 하여 3단계로 이루어졌다. 지각실험 참여자들은 청취하는 문장이 얼마나 추측(1단계) 또는 후회(2단계)에 가깝게 들리는지와 추측 또는 후회(3단계) 중 어떤 문장으로 지각되는지를 5단계로 평가하였다. 지각실험에는 30명의 한국어원어민 화자가 참여하였다. 지각실험 결과 추측과 후회로 발화된 문장의 경계성조 H%와 L%의 형태와는 상관없이 그 평균 음높이가 선행음절보다 높으면 추측으로 낮으면 후회로 지각되는 경향이 뚜렷이 나타났다. 즉 경계성조의 평균 음높이가 양의 방향으로 커질수록 추측으로, 음의 방향으로 작아질수록 후회로 지각되었다. 추측과 후회로 발화된 모든 문장의 경계성조의 형태가 동일한 H% 또는 L%로 고정되었지만 선행음절과의 음높이 차이에 따라 청지각적 판별은 다른 결과로 나타났다. 따라서 경계성조의 형태만으로는 '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 두 의미를 충분히 변별할 수 없음이 관찰되었다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine the variation of pitch contour observed in the reading of Korean sentences produced by Chinese Korean-learners. In the reading context, Korean sentence intonation can be described by considering accentual phrases' pitch pattern and intonational phrases' boundary tone. But when APs and IPs connect to each other to form sentences, another aspect of speech production must be considered, that is declination of pitch contour. So, in order to examine how Chinese speakers produce Korean sentence intonation, we have analysed the sentences' pitch contours produced by fourteen Chinese speakers differing in proficiency, and compared them to pitch contours produced by six Korean native speakers. The results show that Chinese speakers tend to decline the pitch contour in shorter sentences, but for longer sentences, the declination was not observed. Moreover, even though Chinese speakers produced sentences with declination, internal tonal modulation differs from native speakers.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.203-217
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• 2000

In spoken language, the characteristics of prosodic realization are related to the meaning of utterance. The pitch pattern of an interrogative sentence which differs from that of declarative sentences can be considered in this respect.. If we consider the question-answer pair, we can find that the most important variation comes from the intended meaning of asking. In this paper, we experiment with four kinds of interrogative sentences and show that the difference in pitch patterns of interrogative sentences can be explained in relation to the focus phenomena that is, the differences of the boundary tones in interrogative sentences are due to the differences in the prosodic domain of focus. For a relevant explanation with the focus phenomena, we divided focus into the categories: emphatic focus, which plays a role in delivering the speaker's intended meaning for the sentence interpretation, and informational focus, delivers the central intended meaning of the utterance. The results can be summarized in three points. First, High boundary tone delivers the meaning of asking. Second, the realization of different boundary tones that are found in wh-question and alternative question are just phonetic variations caused by focusing. Third, the high rise boundary tone in echo questions is related to the meaning of surprise or incredulity, and this relation is a consensus of existing opinion, that is, the speaker's attitude of surprise can raise the pitch range. From these results we can distinguish between boundary type and phonetic variation, and we can also give appropriate meaning to the different boundary tones in interrogative sentences that have been regarded as merely a part of sentence type.

• 음성과학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.319-338
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• 2003

The aim of this paper is to examine the sentence final tonal patterns of English wh-questions through phonetic experiments, based on Intonational Phonology, and to explain the meaning of the final phrase tones of English wh-questions. Pierrehumbert and Hirschberg (1990) suggested that it is pitch accents rather than boundary tones which play a crucial role in the meaning of a sentence, and that most of the general questions have H-H% tonal patterns in the sentence final. However, they could not explain why wh-questions had final falling tonal patterns (L-L%). While Bartels (1999) suggested that L phrase tone has the meaning of 'ASSERTION' and it could be applied to the explanation of the meaning of wh-questions' final tonal patterns. However, her suggestions are only theoretical explanation without any experimental support. In this paper, based on Bartels (1999), the data was classified into the following three classes: 1) echo wh-questions, 2) reference questions, and 3) common wh-questions. Using this data, a production test by three English native speakers was conducted. The results show that reference questions and common wh-questions have L phrase tones in the sentence final at a high rate, and echo wh-questions have H phrase tones in the sentence final at a high rate.

• 음성과학
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.111-128
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• 2004

In English, a focused word with new information receives a pitch accent. This paper examines how English native speakers and Korean speakers produce and perceive focus in English yes-no questions. The production experiments show that native speakers realize an appropriate intonation of yes-no questions, in which a focused word has a low pitch accent followed by a high phrasal accent and a high boundary tone. However, Korean speakers usually give a high tone to a focused word. In a like manner, the perception experiments show that English native speakers judge a word with a low tone to be focused, while Korean speakers have difficulty in comprehending a focused word realized as a low tone. And it is found that Korean speakers tend to perceive low tones on sentence initial and final focused words better than those on sentence medial focused words, and they often perceive a word with a relatively high fundamental frequency or a sharp rise of fundamental frequency as a focused word. This paper shows that Korean speakers have trouble to produce and perceive an appropriate tonal pattern of a focused yes-no question, and that can cause confusion in a conversation with native speakers.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2016

The purpose of the current study was to examine the acquisition of the second language prosody by Korean learners of English. Specifically, this study investigated Korean learners' patterns of prosodic phrasing and their use of edge tones (i.e., phrase accents and boundary tones) in English, and then compared the patterns with those of native English speakers. Eight Korean learners and 8 native speakers of English read 5 different English passages. Both groups' patterns of tones and prosodic phrasing were analyzed using the Mainstream American English Tones and Break Indices (MAE_ToBI) transcription conventions. The results indicated that the Korean learners chunked their speech into prosodic phrases more frequently than the native speakers did. This frequent prosodic phrasing pattern was especially noticeable in sentence-internal prosodic phrases, often where there was no punctuation mark. Tonal analyses revealed that the Korean learners put significantly more High phrase accents (H-) on their sentence-internal intermediate phrase boundaries than the native speakers of English. In addition, compared with the native speakers, the Korean learners used significantly more High boundary tones (both H-H% and L-H%) for the sentence-internal intonational phrases, while they used similar proportion of High boundary tones for the sentence-final intonational phrases. Overall, the results suggested that Korean learners of English successfully acquired the meanings and functions of prosodic phrasing and edge tones in English as well as that they are able to efficiently use these prosodic features to convey their own discourse intention.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.97-112
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• 2000

This study examines how both English native speakers and Korean speakers realize the intonational tunes of English sentences when a sentence has two different meanings, through comparison of the utterances of the two groups of speakers. The results indicate that the English native speakers realize the difference in the meanings of given sentences in terms of differences in the boundary tones, as predicted in Pierrehumbert(1980) and Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg(l990), according to whom intonation is composed of a series of pitch accents, phrase tones, and boundary tones, and the meaning of a given sentence is delivered by the composition of the individual meanings of each component. The Korean speakers, however, fail to realize the difference in meaning with its boundary tones. Rather, they realize it by the number or positions of pitch accents and paralinguistic cues such as emotions and gestures. The Korean speakers, unlike the Americans, emphasize subject in sentences.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2020

The current study was designed to investigate which type of phrase boundary tones high-intermediate Korean learners of English used in their spontaneous speech. These boundary tones were compared to those used in native speakers' spontaneous speech to examine whether the learners successfully acquired the use of boundary tones. To achieve this purpose, 10 Korean learners of English and four native speakers of English participated in the current study. The participants were asked to summarize the stories of short videos, and the tonal and the phrasing patterns of the obtained spontaneous speech were analyzed using Tone and Break Indices (ToBI) transcription conventions. The results indicated that both the native speakers and the Korean learners frequently marked their intonational phrase boundaries with high boundary tones. However, regarding the prosodic phrase positions within a sentence, Korean learners frequently used steep rising tones (i.e., H-H%) while native speakers used gradual rising tones (i.e., L-H%) for sentence-final intonational phrases. Overall, the findings suggested that high-intermediate Korean learners understood the forward-looking function of the high boundary tones and that they were able to make use of these tones to mark intonational phrases in their spontaneous speech.