• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.289-297
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• 1996

Excitatory amino acids (EAA) are thought to play an important role in producing cell death associated with ischemic and traumatic spinal cord injury. The present study was carried out to determine if the response characteristics of spinal sensory neurons in segments adjacent to degeneration sites induced by EAA are altered following these morphological changes. Intraspinal injections of quisqualic acid (QA) produced neuronal degeneration and spinal cavitation of gray matter. The severity of lesions was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with a non-NMDA antagonist NBQX. In extracellular single unit recordings, dorsal horn neurons in QA injected animal showed the increased mechanosensitivity, which included a shift to the left in the stimulus-response relationship, an increased background activity and an increase in the duration of after-discharge responses. Neuronal responses, especially the C-fiber response, to suprathreshold electrical stimulation of sciatic nerve also increased in most cases. These results suggest that altered functional states of neurons may be responsible for sensory abnormalities, e.g. allodynia and hyperalgesia, associated with syringomyolia and spinal cord injury.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.2029-2037
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 척수분절레벨에 적용한 간섭전류의 자극수준에 따른 정상성인의 자율신경계에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 간섭전류는 T1-T4 분절에 접착식 패드전극을 2극 배치 후 20분간 전기자극하여, 전기자극 전과 후, 30분 후의 변화를 확인하였다. 연구대상은 광주시에 소재한 N대학교에 다니는 건강한 성인남녀 45명을 대상으로 감각자극수준은 100 bps, 10~12 mA, 운동자극수준은 5 bps, 45~50 mA, 유해자극수준은 100 bps, 80~90 mA으로 각각 15명씩 무작위 배치하여 연구를 수행하였으며 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 각 집단의 교감신경활성도의 변화는 시간과 집단 간의 상호작용에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 시간에 따라 유의한 변화를 보여주었다(p<.05). 사후 분석결과 전기자극 직후와 전기자극 후 30분에서 유의한 차이를 보여주었다(p<.05). 각 집단의 부교감신경활성도의 변화는 시간과 집단 간의 상호작용에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 시간에 따라 유의한 변화를 보여주었다(p<.05). 사후 분석결과 전기자극 직후와 전기자극 후 30분에서 유의한 차이를 보여주었다(p<.05). 이상의 결과로 전기자극 수준은 특정목적과 상황에 따라 다양하게 적용되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2021

Purpose : There is a lack of research on this field in the Republic of Korea, especially those that have seen the effect of interaction between transcranial direct current stimulation and computerized cognitive rehabilitation therapy. This study divided 30 dementia patients into a treatment group, which received transcranial direct current stimulation and computerized cognitive rehabilitation, and a control group, which received pseudo-transcranial direct current stimulation and pseudo-computerized cognitive rehabilitation. This study evaluated the effects of these treatments on the visual perception, cognition functions, and daily activities of dementia patients. Methods : Fifteen subjects were allocated to the treatment group and the other 15 subjects were allocated to the control group. Treatments were given at intervals of five sessions per week (30 minutes per session) for six weeks (30 times in total). This study used the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (NCSE) to examine cognitive functions, MVPT to evaluate visual perception, and FIM to test daily living activities before and after applying the treatments. Results : The results of this study showed that cognitive functions, visual perception, and daily living activities significantly (p<.05) improved after the intervention in the treatment group and the control group. The changes in cognitive functions, visual perception, and daily living activities due to the treatments were significantly different between the groups (p<.05). Conclusion : The results indicated that transcranial direct current stimulation and computerized cognitive rehabilitation therapy improved visual perception and daily living activities by increasing cognitive functions. Consequently, it was found that the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation in conjunction with a computerized cognitive rehabilitation program was an intervention method that could positively affect the visual perception, cognitive function, and daily living activities of dementia patients. Based on the results of this study, the study of arbitration protocols for demential will have to be more active.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program application on cognition and depression of patients with mild cognitive impairment, and to find an intervention method that can enhance active participation of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods : In this study, 50 mild cognitive impairment patients were divided into a treatment group (25 patients) and a control group (25 patients). The treatment group was applied with a transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program, while the control group received a placebo transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program. Both groups received five 50-minute sessions per week (one session per day) for six weeks (total of 30 sessions). NCSE was used to evaluate the cognitive functions of the patients before and after treatment intervention. Moreover, K-BDI was conducted to examine the depression of the patients. Results : As a result of the transcranial direct current stimulation and a virtual reality program intervention, the cognitive function of both treatment and control group significantly (p<.05) improved, and the depression of both treatment and control group significantly (p<.05) decreased. Moreover, the changes in cognitive functions and depression were significant between the two groups¸ treatment and control group (p<.05). Conclusion : The results of the study showed that the application of the transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program significantly improved the cognitive function of mild cognitive impairment patients and decreased the depression of them. Therefore, it could be concluded that the transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality program was an intervention method which positively affects the cognitive function and depression of mild cognitive impairment patients.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.885-896
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• 2001

This study was to examine the rate of recovery from the consciousness impairment from two sessions of comprehensive consciousness stimulation program. Which was developed for this study, was higher than the one which was obtained naturally with only conventional care. Method: The subjects were selected among the patients who were admitted in the Intensive Care Unit or in the Sub-Intensive Care Unit in one of the university hospital, located in Inchon. For the treatment of the deterioration of his/her consciousness level resulting from neurological causes. Results: The effect of the first intervention on consciousness state began to appear two weeks the intervention initiation and to disappear two weeks after the end of the intervention. The significant effect of the second session of the consciousness stimulation program also began to appear two weeks the second intervention initiation and persisted until 4 months after intervention was terminated. Conclusion: It appeared that the first intervention effect had gradual onset and gradual decay, while the second intervention effect had gradual onset and permanent duration.

• 감성과학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.585-592
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• 2012

음식물 섭취는 영양상태의 유지와 생존을 위해 필요하며, 미각은 가장 기본적인 감각 중의 하나이다. 맛을 느끼는 미각세포는 다섯 가지 기본 맛(단맛, 쓴맛, 짠맛, 신맛, 감칠맛)에 대해 반응한다. 그러나 뇌에서 맛감각의 처리과정과 미각피질의 조직화된 원리에 대한 이해는 여전히 부족한 실정이다. 최근 기능적 자기공명영상(fMRI), 뇌자도(MEG), 광영상(optical imaging)을 이용하여 미각 자극에 대한 뇌의 반응들을 영상화하는 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 뇌 활성 변화를 관찰할 수 있는 이들 뇌 영상 기법들은 서로 직접적인 비교 데이터를 제공하지는 못하지만, 이러한 기법들은 상호 보완적이다. 따라서 이러한 기법들을 이용한 데이터들의 상호비교는 미각 자극에 대해 반응하는 뇌의 시간-공간적인 활성 패턴 변화를 이해하는데 많은 도움을 준다. 본 연구는 감각 및 감성적 측면에서의 미각 자극에 따른 뇌의 정보처리에 있어서 미각영역의 활성화에 관한 영상매핑에 대해 최근까지 밝혀진 결과들과 연구동향을 소개하고자 한다. 미각 자극에 따른 뇌의 영상 변화를 관찰하여 구조해부학적 지도를 만드는 것은 매우 복잡한 미각의 신경회로망을 이해하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone or dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine on the onset and duration of ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus blocks (BPB). Methods: Fifty-one ASA physical status I-II patients with elective forearm and hand surgery under axillary brachial plexus blocks were randomly allocated to receive 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine with 2 ml of isotonic saline (C group, n = 17), 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine with 2 ml (10 mg) of dexamethasone (D group, n = 17) or 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine with 2 ml ($100{\mu}g$) of dexmedetomidine (DM group, n = 17). A nerve stimulation technique with ultrasound was used in all patients. The onset time and duration of sensory blocks were assessed. Results: The duration of the sensory block was extended in group D and group DX compared with group C (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between group D and group DX. However, there were no significant differences in onset time in all three groups. Conclusions: Dexamethasone 10 mg and dexmedetomidine $100{\mu}g$ were equally effective in extending the duration of ropivacaine in ultrasound-guided axillary BPB with nerve stimulation. However, neither drug has significantly effects the onset time.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.263-274
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• 2003

The present condition of study on the wave-resonance for the bio-KI is observed. And the probroms of reception attendent on the stimulation of wave is observed centering around the sensory organ. The results is as follows: In the wave-resonant stand point, the tendency of studying on KI is showed in the several field all over the world. Because it is originated radionics, the wave-resonant tools of MRA insistenting minute-magnetism-resonance-apparatus need the more severe data in the side of electric circuit. The wave resonance apparatus according to the frequency occurance transmits low-frequency's vibration ratio to the electric stimulating aspect. The wave-water is considered on the application of wave-resonance transcription on the water, and needs the comprehension of torsion-field level. The wave-stimulation of the bio-KI and the reception of the sensory-organ is observed the connection of the sensory-organ and it's corresponding wave. The informations recorded in the wave are distinguished patternly. And the several shaping waves transmit the informations each other through the resonnance. The wave theory is explained the LEE(理) as the wave-pattern and the KI(氣) as the revelation of the patterned-wave in the LEE-KI theory(理氣論), moreover the SHIN(神) as the information of the wave-pattern and the KI as the energy of the wave and the JEUNG(精) as the material of the wave in the JEUNG-KI-SHIN theory(精氣神論). In this point, the study on the wave-resonance of bio-KI is thought that it is significantly in the study method for oriental medicine. The sum of the wave makes the moving body and forms the universe. It means that the several wave patterns gather and form new field. The pattern is a kind of the information and the information is not materially. The information of wave-pattern is the arrangement and the combination of the material source.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2015

Purpose: The definition of healing and treatment is different between the East and the West. I suppose that the different definitions of them affect the notion of healing environment in two cultural area. Therefore the aim of this study is to consider the different perspective in healing environment between the East and the West. Methods: Relevant literature review around domestic and foreign reference in fields of medicine and architecture has been conducted to consider the purpose. Results: First, the perspective that the cause of disease stems from inside of body approaches the body from standpoint of healing for recovery. Healing is the way to conquer imbalance by entering into a connection with nature around body. The concept of healing could analyze that it come from relevant perspective. Second, the healing environment in the East is the place where the flow of Qi between, human and human, and, human and environment, keep a balance. The notion of healing environment in the East is the filed of relations. In the West, the notion of healing environment is the place where arouse fine emotions through sensory stimulations. Implications: Recently the studies of healing environment focus on deducing sensory stimulation factors scientifically in the perspective of the West. But the healing environment couldn't be possible without the notion of place of relations. In the future, the notion of healing environment as the field of relations in the East has to be concerned.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.535-539
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• 2015

Olfactory stimulation activates multiple signaling cascades in order to mediate activity-driven changes in gene expression that promote neuronal survival. To date, the mechanisms involved in activity-dependent olfactory neuronal survival have yet to be fully elucidated. In the current study, we observed that olfactory sensory stimulation, which caused neuronal activation, promoted activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and the expression of Bcl-2, which were responsible for olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) survival. We demonstrated that Bcl-2 expression increased after odorant stimulation both in vivo and in vitro. We also showed that odorant stimulation activated Akt, and that Akt activation was completely blocked by incubation with both a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and Akt1 small interfering RNA. Moreover, blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway diminished the odorantinduced Bcl-2 expression, as well as the effects on odorant-induced ORN survival. A temporal difference was noted between the activation of Akt1 and the expression of Bcl-2 following odorant stimulation. Blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway did not affect ORN survival in the time range prior to the increase in Bcl-2 expression, implying that these two events, activation of the PI3K pathway and Bcl-2 induction, were tightly connected to promote post-translational ORN survival. Collectively, our results indicated that olfactory activity activated PI3K/Akt, induced Bcl-2, and promoted long term ORN survival as a result.