• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.411-419
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• 2000

Hematomyelia is an extremely rare condition that cause severe neurological symptoms. We reported 4 cases of spontaneous hematomyelia, two cases of cavernous angioma and two cases of hematoma. In all patients, the clinical course was progressive ; motor and sensory abnormalities below the lesion and voiding difficulties were the common presenting symptom complex. The preoperative diagnosis was made by magnetic resonance imaging and the all patients underwent surgical exploration. Complete removal of hematoma was done in 3 patients and complete evacuation after aspiration of hematoma were performed in one patients. Neurological function did not worsen postoperatively in any patients. The early diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging and immediate surgical treatment of the hematoma and the associated vascular malformation are considered to be the best way to halt the progression of the disease.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.105-114
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• 2021

A 38-year-old Korean man without any other history was diagnosed with myelopathy due to a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. Following embolization and high-dose steroid therapy, the patient was treated with complex Korean medical therapies including acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, electro-acupuncture, Chuna manual therapy, herbal medicine, and cupping therapy in addition to conventional treatment. To assess the patient's improvement, international standard for neurological classification of spinal cord injury, Korean version of modified Barthel index, functional independence measure, spinal cord independence measure III, walking index for spinal cord injury II, modified Ashworth scale were used. After treatment, the muscle strength and sensory function of the lower extremities were improved, and the spasticity was reduced, resulting in a rapid improvement in performance of daily activities. These results suggest that complex Korean medical therapies may be effective for myelopathy, and further clinical studies are needed to clarify their effects.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Medicine & Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate questions and instructions for internal feedback effects on functional recovery and task performance while chronic stroke patients practised task-specific training. Method: Twenty-four chronic stroke patients were randomly divided into two groups; when patients performed same tasks, one was treated using questions and the other using instructions for internal feedback Both lasted 30 minutes, 5 times a week for 8 weeks. Outcome measures included Erasmus MC Modifications to the Nottingham Sensory Assessment (EmNSA), Measurement Properties of the Motor Evaluation Scale for Upper Extremity in Stroke patients (MESUPES), Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI), Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI). Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in EmNSA and K-MBI(p>.05). But, in MESUPES and CAHAI, there was significant difference between the two groups(p<.05). Conclusion: In this study, questions for internal feedback during task-specific training are more effective in improving upper extremity motor function and task performance than instructions for internal feedback.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2021

Spinal dysraphism often causes neurological impairment from direct involvement of lesions or from cord tethering. The conus medullaris and lumbosacral roots are most vulnerable. Surgical intervention such as untethering surgery is indicated to minimize or prevent further neurological deficits. Because untethering surgery itself imposes risk of neural injury, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is indicated to help surgeons to be guided during surgery and to improve functional outcome. Monitoring of electromyography (EMG), motor evoked potential, and bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) is essential modalities in IONM for untethering. Sensory evoked potential can be also employed to further interpretation. In specific, free-running EMG and triggered EMG is of most utility to identify lumbosacral roots within the field of surgery and filum terminale or non-functioning cord can be also confirmed by absence of responses at higher intensity of stimulation. The sacral nervous system should be vigilantly monitored as pathophysiology of tethered cord syndrome affects the sacral function most and earliest. BCR monitoring can be readily applicable for sacral monitoring and has been shown to be useful for prediction of postoperative sacral dysfunction. Further research is guaranteed because current IONM methodology in spinal dysraphism is still deficient of quantitative and objective evaluation and fails to directly measure the sacral autonomic nervous system.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in EEG through attention. Concentration training and performing tasks are important factors in the improvement of motor learning ability. Methods: In the experiment, 22 healthy people were divided into two groups: the trail making test (TMT) group and the computerized neurocognitive function test (CNT) group. A one-way Neuro Harmony M test to see whether there was a significant difference among the groups. Results: The TMT group showed a significant increase in ${\alpha}$ wave, ${\alpha}$ wave sequence, and ${\beta}$ wave sequence; however, there were no significant differences in SMR wave, SMR wave sequence, and ${\beta}$ wave. The CNT group showed increases in ${\alpha}$ wave, ${\alpha}$ wave sequence, SMR wave, SMR wave sequence, and ${\beta}$ wave sequence; however, there was no significant difference in ${\beta}$ wave. In EEGs before and after two performance tasks were changed, there were significant differences in ${\beta}$ wave, SMR wave, SMR wave sequence; however, there were no significant differences in ${\alpha}$ wave sequence, ${\beta}$ wave, and ${\beta}$ wave sequence. Conclusion: Attention training and concentration training offer feedback and repetition for constant stimulus and response. Moreover, attention training and concentration training can contribute to new studies and motivation by developing fast sensory and motor skills through acceptable visual and auditory stimulation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.160-172
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• 2022

Background: The authors established an in vitro model of diabetic neuropathy based on the culture system of primary neurons and Schwann cells (SCs) to mimic similar symptoms observed in in vivo models of this complication, such as impaired neurite extension and impaired myelination. The model was then utilized to investigate the effects of insulin on enhancing neurite extension and myelination of diabetic neurons. Methods: SCs and primary neurons were cultured under conditions mimicking hyperglycemia prepared by adding glucose to the basal culture medium. In a single culture, the proliferation and maturation of SCs and the neurite extension of neurons were evaluated. In a co-culture, the percentage of myelination of diabetic neurons was investigated. Insulin at different concentrations was supplemented to culture media to examine its effects on neurite extension and myelination. Results: The cells showed similar symptoms observed in in vivo models of this complication. In a single culture, hyperglycemia attenuated the proliferation and maturation of SCs, induced apoptosis, and impaired neurite extension of both sensory and motor neurons. In a co-culture of SCs and neurons, the percentage of myelinated neurites in the hyperglycemia-treated group was significantly lower than that in the control group. This impaired neurite extension and myelination was reversed by the introduction of insulin to the hyperglycemic culture media. Conclusions: Insulin may be a potential candidate for improving diabetic neuropathy. Insulin can function as a neurotrophic factor to support both neurons and SCs. Further research is needed to discover the potential of insulin in improving diabetic neuropathy.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 2023

Objective : This paper provides a narrative review of the research literature on the neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms of local vibration while studying the treatment principles and mechanisms of Whidam's vibrator Sugi therapy. Methods : Searches related to vibration therapy research were conducted in PUBMED using "Vibration", "Whole Body Vibration", "Localized Vibration", and "Focal Vibration". The Conditions were limited to review and systematic review. Results : Roberto Casale's paper was selected as an inquiry task and reviewed critically and narratively by referring to other papers. The stimulation process of local vibration (LV) was broadly classified into receptor transmission (pain reception phase), ascending sensory pathway to the spinal cord (segmental phase), and action of the cortex and subcortical structures (systemic control phase) according to the pain pathway. In addition, the role of C-tactile mechanoreceptors, changes in neurotransmitters and neurohormones, LV stimulation below perception threshold (lower threshold), pain control and kinesiologic illusions were specially addressed. In addition, the expression and function of Piezo Channels were added to supplement the human pain and tactile sensing mechanism. Conclusions : LV exerts pain control mechanisms through different interactions that can interfere with pain transmission and pain perception. Since LV provides sufficient neurophysiological reasons for clinical application, it is necessary to expand the use of Whidam's vibrator Sugi therapy to a wider range of clinical applications.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2024

Objective: Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI) is a leading cause of pediatric blindness and the most common form of pediatric visual disability, particularly prevalent among children with cerebral palsy (CP). This systematic review synthesizes the latest research on various interventions for managing CVI, focusing on studies published in the last decade. Design: A systematic review Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in March 2024 across several databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science. Studies were selected based on inclusion criteria set under the PICOSD framework and were limited to those involving human subjects, published in English, and conducted within the past ten years. The selected studies included randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case reports focusing on rehabilitation, therapy, and surgical interventions for CVI. Results: Out of 221 studies screened, 5 met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed in detail. These studies covered a range of interventions including physiotherapy, sensory integration training, visual training programs, neuromotor rehabilitation, and surgical procedures aimed at improving visual function and overall quality of life for CVI patients. Conclusions: The studies demonstrate the potential benefits of structured, early intervention programs that incorporate family involvement and are tailored to the unique needs of children with CVI. However, there remains a significant need for further research to establish evidence-based practices in this field.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.98-109
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect on improvement of the Activity of Daily Living (ADL) and decrease the cognitive function and agitation behaviors by reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation for senile dementia. The quasi-experimental design was used in this study. Subjects were 26 with mild senile dementia who were cared for at a Day Care Center for Dementia in Seoul. The data were collected from March to July, 1999. Subjects were divided into three groups : Control Igroup with 10 subjects, reminiscence group(Control II group with 8 subjects), and reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation group(experimental group with 8 subjects). The Control I group got routine care as usual. Control II group participated in reminiscence sessions for one hour a day, five times a week , for a period of 4 weeks. The experimental group participated in reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation sessions for one hour a day, five times a week, for a period of 4 weeks. Instruments of this study were color photography with sound that was developed through an open questionnaire about events, objects, humans in action and animals that 100 Korean elderly over 60 would like to memorize. This was referred from the Sensory Stimuli Package by Namazi and Haynes(1994). The effects of treatment was evaluated through MMSE-K by Kwon & Park(1989). Also the Brief Cognitive Rating Scale(BCRS) by Reisberg et al(1983) for the cognitive function, through Agitation Inventory by Cohen- Mansfield and Colleague(1989) for behavioral response and through the Rapid Disability Rating Scale-2(RDRS-2) by Linn & Linn(1982) for the activity of daily living respectively. Data analysis was done using SPSS for $\chi$2- test, ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA. The results were as follows : 1. Reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation did not improve cognitive function for senile dementia, but significantly improved verbal expression, the subscale of cognitive function. 2. Reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation reduced agitation behavior of experimental group significantly, but there was no significant difference between groups. 3. Reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation did not significantly effect the activity of daily living after treatment. In conclusion, it was shown that the reminiscence with audio-visual stimulation was an effective therapy to improve verbal expression and to reduce agitation behaviors of senile dementia. Further research with more indepth approach is needed, considering characteristic and level individualized for each senile dementia.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.59-60
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• 2002

Edible films such as wax coatings, sugar and chocolate covers, and sausage casings, have been used in food applications for years$^{(1)}$ However, interest in edible films and biodegradable polymers has been renewed due to concerns about the environment, a need to reduce the quantity of disposable packaging, and demand by the consumer for higher quality food products. Edible films can function as secondary packaging materials to enhance food quality and reduce the amount of traditional packaging needed. For example, edible films can serve to enhance food quality by acting as moisture and gas barriers, thus, providing protection to a food product after the primary packaging is opened. Edible films are not meant to replace synthetic packaging materials; instead, they provide the potential as food packagings where traditional synthetic or biodegradable plastics cannot function. For instance, edible films can be used as convenient soluble pouches containing single-servings for products such as instant noodles and soup/seasoning combination. In the food industry, they can be used as ingredient delivery systems for delivering pre-measured ingredients during processing. Edible films also can provide the food processors with a variety of new opportunities for product development and processing. Depends on materials of edible films, they also can be sources of nutritional supplements. Especially, whey proteins have excellent amino acid balance while some edible films resources lack adequate amount of certain amino acids, for example, soy protein is low in methionine and wheat flour is low in lysine$^{(2)}$. Whey proteins have a surplus of the essential amino acid lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine. Thus, the idea of using whey protein-based films to individually pack cereal products, which often deficient in these amino acids, become very attractive$^{(3)}$. Whey is a by-product of cheese manufacturing and much of annual production is not utilized$^{(4)}$. Development of edible films from whey protein is one of the ways to recover whey from dairy industry waste. Whey proteins as raw materials of film production can be obtained at inexpensive cost. I hypothesize that it is possible to make whey protein-based edible films with improved moisture barrier properties without significantly altering other properties by producing whey protein/lipid emulsion films and these films will be suitable far food applications. The fellowing are the specific otjectives of this research: 1. Develop whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films and determine their microstructures, barrier (moisture and oxygen) and mechanical (tensile strength and elongation) properties. 2. Study the nature of interactions involved in the formation and stability of the films. 3. Investigate thermal properties, heat sealability, and sealing properties of the films. 4. Demonstrate suitability of their application in foods as packaging materials. Methodologies were developed to produce edible films from whey protein isolate (WPI) and concentrate (WPC), and film-forming procedure was optimized. Lipids, butter fat (BF) and candelilla wax (CW), were added into film-forming solutions to produce whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films. Significant reduction in water vapor and oxygen permeabilities of the films could be achieved upon addition of BF and CW. Mechanical properties were also influenced by the lipid type. Microstructures of the films accounted for the differences in their barrier and mechanical properties. Studies with bond-dissociating agents indicated that disulfide and hydrogen bonds, cooperatively, were the primary forces involved in the formation and stability of whey protein/lipid emulsion films. Contribution of hydrophobic interactions was secondary. Thermal properties of the films were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, and the results were used to optimize heat-sealing conditions for the films. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) was used to study the nature of the interfacial interaction of sealed films. All films were heat sealable and showed good seal strengths while the plasticizer type influenced optimum heat-sealing temperatures of the films, 130$^{\circ}$C for sorbitol-plasticized WPI films and 110$^{\circ}$C for glycerol-plasticized WPI films. ESCA spectra showed that the main interactions responsible for the heat-sealed joint of whey protein-based edible films were hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds involving C-0-H and N-C components. Finally, solubility in water, moisture contents, moisture sorption isotherms and sensory attributes (using a trained sensory panel) of the films were determined. Solubility was influenced primarily by the plasticizer in the films, and the higher the plasticizer content, the greater was the solubility of the films in water. Moisture contents of the films showed a strong relationship with moisture sorption isotherm properties of the films. Lower moisture content of the films resulted in lower equilibrium moisture contents at all aw levels. Sensory evaluation of the films revealed that no distinctive odor existed in WPI films. All films tested showed slight sweetness and adhesiveness. Films with lipids were scored as being opaque while films without lipids were scored to be clear. Whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films may be suitable for packaging of powder mix and should be suitable for packaging of non-hygroscopic foods$^{(5,6,7,8,)}$.