• Title/Summary/Keyword: sense of loss

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Problems on the Door to Door Application of International Air Law Conventions (국제항공운송협약의 Door to Door 운송에의 적용에 관한 문제점)

  • CHOI, Myung-Kook
    • THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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    • v.78
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    • pp.1-29
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    • 2018
  • This article demonstrates that both the Warsaw Convention Systemand the Montreal Convention are not designed for multimodal transport, let alone for "Door to Door" transport. The polemic directed against the "Door to Door" application of the Warsaw Convention systemand the Montreal Convention is predominantly driven by the text and the drafting philosophy of the said Contentions that since 1929 support unimodalism-with the rule that "the period of the carriage by air does not expend to any carriage by land, by sea or by inland waterway performed outside an airport" playing a profound role in restricting their multimodal aspirations. The drafters of the Montreal Convention were more adventurous than their predecessors with respect to the boundaries of the Montreal Convention. They amended Art. 18(3) by removing the phrase "whether in an aerodrome or on board an aircraft, or, in the case of landing outside an aerodrome, in any place whatsoever", however, they retained the first sentence of Art. 18(4). The deletion of the airport limitation fromArt. 18(3) creates its own paradox. The carrier can be held liable under the Montreal Convention for the loss or damage to cargo while it is in its charge in a warehouse outside an airport. Yet, damage or loss of the same cargo that occurs during its surface transportation to the aforementioned warehouse and vice versa is not covered by the Montreal Convention fromthe moment the cargo crosses the airport's perimeter. Surely, this result could not have been the intention of its drafters: it certainly does not make any commercial sense. I think that a better solution to the paradox is to apply the "functional interpretation" of the term"airport". This would retain the integrity of the text of the Montreal Convention, make sense of the change in the wording of Art. 18(3), and nevertheless retain the Convention's unimodal philosophy. English courts so far remain loyal to the judgment of the Court of Appeal in Quantum, which constitutes bad news for the supporters of the multimodal scope of the Montreal Convention. According the US cases, any losses occurring during Door to Door transportation under an air waybill which involves a dominant air segment are subject to the international air law conventions. Any domestic rules that might be applicable to the road segment are blatantly overlooked. Undoubtedly, the approach of the US makes commercial. But this policy decision by arguing that the intention of the drafters of the Warsaw Convention was to cover Door to Door transportation is mistaken. Any expansion to multimodal transport would require an amendment to the Montreal Convention, Arts 18 and 38, one that is not in the plans for the foreseeable future. Yet there is no doubt that air carriers and freight forwarders will continue to push hard for such expansion, especially in the USA, where courts are more accommodating.

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The Placelessness and Self-Alienation Expressed in the Space of Korean Animation film (한국 애니메이션의 재개발 공간에 나타난 장소상실과 자기소외)

  • Oh, Jin-Hee
    • Cartoon and Animation Studies
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    • s.30
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    • pp.1-25
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    • 2013
  • The present study explores the problem of the placelessness and alienation through spaces of redevelopment in South Korean animation film since the 2000's. Actual space in South Korean society has been destroyed and changed unceasingly, and, in that space, humans have experienced existential conflict. While the swift development of digital technology has transcended physical restrictions to form one great network, humans are still limited as materially based beings. The recent steps in South Korean animation film are noteworthy because sociocultural changes since the 1990's and the relationship between the individual and the system are perceived in ways different from those of the past. and , the works analyzed in the present study, reveal the special sense of place in South Korean society, where the destructive reorganization of space leads to the instability of life. By intentionally bypassing a sense of place and the authority automatically bestowed on representational images, these works prompt the viewer to reexamine the relationship between reality and images. Space in these two works are presented representationally but immediately destroyed, and humans or the characters in the works accept this unfeelingly. The loss of place, which is committed by the massive system, and listless humans' weakness and alienation in response are depicted as signs of sociocultural abnormality. By showing the destructive loss of place and individuals who respond with self-anesthesia and self-estrangement, these works open viewers' eyes to South Korean society, where not only social alienation but also self-alienation is occurring. By perceiving South Korean animation film as a sociocultural phenomenon and analyzing it through the concepts of the placelessness and alienation, the present study seeks to expand further discussions on animation film.

The Hope of the Stroke Patients (뇌졸중환자의 희망)

  • 김이순
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.212-227
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    • 1997
  • Cerebrovascular diseases in Korea is an important health problem since mortality and mobidity have been increased rapidly. It marked the 2nd cause of specific death rates in 1993. The stroke causes physical function disorder due to hemiparalysis and emotional disorder, and stroke patients experience helplessness, powerlessness. sense of alienation and loss of hope. These feelings make the rehabilitation difficult because they lose the will of life. The subjects of the study were seven citizens who live in Pusan, are over 50 years old and belong to low income-level. The data were collected from Jan. to Sep. 1995. The researcher as a caregiver and volunteer made confidence of them and asked for their agreement on the purpose of the study. The subjects expressed their experience as openheartedly as possible. The analysis of the data was made through the phenomenological analytic method suggested by Giorgi, which is as follows ; as an unit of description which include the subject' expressions and the researcher's observation, it is examined the theme that express the hope experience with the subject's language(underlining), and the focal meanings are identified. The focal meaning is the crystalization of the theme, which is written in the language of the researcher. After intergrating the focal meaning and make the situated structural description as the meaning of the hope experience identified on each subject's point. After intergrating the situated structural description and make the general structural description as the meaning of the hope experience identified on total subject's point then the systemizing of the structure of the hope experienced phenomena and the flowing of the conciousness was researched. The conclusions of this study was as follows : The ten sources of hope which the subjects experienced were sorted as under 〈mutual relations to others : spouse, children, relatives, fellow believer. health professioner. associate patient group〉, 〈spiritual dependence〉. 〈recovery of physical function〉. 〈rumination of the past life〉, 〈expectation of the future〉. 〈economic power〉, 〈belief〉, 〈ability〉. 〈spontaneous participation〉 and 〈recovery of roles〉. Their hope was spoken out by the following two kinds of linguistics. First. the hope was expressed in the affirmative expression as follows : 〈 to be dependable〉, 〈to make efforts〉, 〈to keep under control〉, 〈to desire〉, 〈to be pleasant〉, 〈to be peaceful〉, 〈to be grateful〉, 〈to give help〉, 〈self-confidence. Courage〉, 〈to be happy〉, 〈to satisfy oneself〉, 〈to share with others〉, 〈to understand〉 and 〈to be affected, be impressed〉 Second, the hope was expressed in the negative on pression as under : 〈to be distressed〉, 〈to be uneasy〉, 〈to be sorry, be unsatisfied〉 〈despair〉, 〈to abandon〉, 〈to be fearful〉, 〈to suffer〉, 〈to bear a burden〉 〈to be confused〉, 〈to be solitary〉, 〈chest trouble〉, 〈to feel heavy〉 〈grief〉, 〈to be daunted〉, 〈to get angry〉, 〈to be uncomfortable〉, 〈to have something regretable〉 and 〈to feel guilty〉. And their hope was expressed by the following four behavioral expressions : 〈physical sphere〉, 〈psychological sphere〉, 〈social support sphere〉 and 〈spiritual sphere〉. The reaction patterns of their hope experience appeared in the following 4 coping method : 〈conquest type〉, 〈dependence type〉, 〈adaptation type〉 and 〈fate type〉. Finally, in the hope structure the sense of certainty don't always coexict with the sense of uncertainty, When the stroke patients try to search for the best quality of life, the senses of certainty and uncertainty make a continual cyclic system in the hope structure.

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Loss of Primary Cilia Results in the Development of Cancer in the Murine Thyroid Gland

  • Lee, Junguee;Yi, Shinae;Chang, Joon Young;Kim, Jung Tae;Sul, Hae Joung;Park, Ki Cheol;Zhu, Xuguang;Cheng, Sheue-yann;Kero, Jukka;Kim, Joon;Shong, Minho
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.113-122
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    • 2019
  • Communications at the interface between the apical membrane of follicular cells and the follicular lumen are critical for the homeostasis of thyroid gland. Primary cilia at the apical membrane of thyroid follicular cells may sense follicular luminal environment and regulate follicular homeostasis, although their role in vivo remains to be determined. Here, mice devoid of primary cilia were generated by thyroid follicular epithelial cell-specific deletion of the gene encoding intraflagellar transport protein 88 (Ift88). Thyroid follicular cellspecific Ift88-deficient mice showed normal folliculogenesis and hormonogenesis; however, those older than 7 weeks showed irregularly dilated and destroyed follicles in the thyroid gland. With increasing age, follicular cells with malignant properties showing the characteristic nuclear features of human thyroid carcinomas formed papillary and solid proliferative nodules from degenerated thyroid follicles. Furthermore, malignant tumor cells manifested as tumor emboli in thyroid vessels. These findings suggest that loss-of-function of Ift88/primary cilia results in malignant transformation from degenerated thyroid follicles.

The Assessment of Acquired Dyschromatopsia among Organic-Solvents Exposed Workers (유기용제 폭로작업자들의 후천성 색각이상 평가)

  • Kang, Mi-Jung;Kang, Su-Hee;Suh, Suk-Kwon;Shin, Dong-Hoon;Lee, Jong-Young
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.29 no.3 s.54
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    • pp.529-538
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    • 1996
  • We investigated the occurrence of color vision loss in 70 organic solvent mixtures exposed workers and in 47 controls. Color Vision was assessed with a color arrangement test designed to identify the defective color sense, the Han Double 15-Hue Test. The results of the test were no significant difference between exposed workers and controls in the proportion of subjects who committed one or two errors. Quantitative analysis, using color confusion index(CCI), showed no signicant difference between exposed workers and controls. A significant linear correlation was present between age and CCI in both exposed workers (CCI=0.0056age + 0.94; r=0.23; p<0.05) and controls(CCI=0.0066age + 0.86; r=0.33; p<0.05). Qualitative analysis of the patterns on the hue circle showed that the prevalence of acquired dyschromatopsia was 21% in both and no significant difference. Multiple regression analyses showed that age was significantly related to color vision loss. These results did not provide evidence of a relationship between organic solvents exposure and incidence of color vision loss. In field studies for monitor the people at risk of the acquired color vision loss involving low-dose organic solvents exposed workers, both quantitative and qualitative information should be considered.

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A Study on the Knowledge, Attitude and the Preventive Behavior of Noise of Workers Exposed to the Harmful Noise (일 소음작업장 근로자들의 소음에 대한 인식 및 태도, 예방행위에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Eun-Hee;Kim, Tae-Kyung;Jung, Hee-Young;Kwon, Su-Ja
    • Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.59-67
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    • 2005
  • This study was to investigate knowledge, attitude and the preventive behaviour of noise of workers exposed to harmful noise and to provide primary data for noise-exposed workers' hearing conservation and the prevention of noise induced hearing loss. Method: The subjects were 104 workers who participated voluntarily in the questionnaire. The instrument used in this study was knowledge, attitude and practice on noise-induced hearing loss tool by Rhee & Yi (1996). The data were collected from August to September, 2002 with a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 win program for finding frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and ANOVA. Results: The average age of workers was 35.9 and the current average year of working at the noise place was $5{\sim}$10 years. In the group of previous noise-exposed workers, they showed significant difference in preventive behaviors (t=4.087, p=.048). In the group of current noise-exposed workers, they showed significant difference in recognition and attitude of noise(F=4.707, p=.004). Also, the duration of wearing ear protection equipment(t=2.383, p=.019), the feeling of wearing ear protection equipment(F=3.602, p=.031) and comfortable sense of wearing ear protection (F=3.919, p=.023) was significant in the preventive behaviour of noise. Conclusion: Considering the results above, we can recognize that there are close relations among the knowledge, attitude and the preventive behaviour of noise. Therefore, it is necessary to develop education - programs for noise-exposed workers' better understanding of noise and preventive behaviors

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The Relationships of Pain cognition, Performance Status, and Hope with Health-related Quality of Life in Cancer Patients (암환자의 통증인지, 기능상태 및 희망과 건강관련 삶의 질의 관계)

  • Ryu, Eun Jung;Lee, Ju Mi;Choi, So Young
    • Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.155-165
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    • 2007
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships of pain cognition, performance status, and hope with health-related quality of life. Methods: Patients(n=149) with various cancer diagnoses completed the SF-36 standard Korean Version and the Herth Hope Index. The Perceived Meanings of Cancer Pain Inventory was used to measure the cognition dimension of pain, whereas the Brief Pain Inventory Korean version was used to represent the sensory dimension of pain. Results: The patients in the pain group had significant differences in the three dimensions(loss, threat, spiritual awareness) of pain cognition. There were statistically significant negative correlations between the three dimensions(loss, threat, and spiritual awareness) of pain cognitions and SF-36 dimension, and the positive correlations between challenge dimension and SF-36 dimension. Hope had the positive correlation with SF-36 dimensions. Conclusion: Pain has a negative impact on health-related quality of life, especially on physical health. However, patients who ascribed more positive meaning to their pain, tended to have a higher quality of life. Therefore, nursing intervention to reinforce the positive aspects of pain cognition is to empower patients to create a sense of control and assume an active role in pain management and quality of life.

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Experiences of Spousal Bereavement in Middle Aged Men (중년남성의 배우자 사별경험)

  • Park, Kyung-Bok;Kim, Boon-Han
    • Asian Oncology Nursing
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.143-153
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    • 2004
  • Death of spouse is the most heartbreaking stressful and inevitable tragic life event. In middle aged men who belong to the social middle class and accomplished their occupational success, experiences of spousal bereavement are great shock. The aim of this study was to find out how they overcome their mental and physical pain and to obtain the basic materials to develop suitable nursing care programs for them. The methodological approach of this study is Giorgi's phenomenological analysis meaning unit. This method also makes theme focal meaning, situated structural description and create general structural description grasped by participator's experience through situated structure description. This study performed from November 2002 to May 2004, and participators were four men. Data collected through in-depth personal interviews. which had been tapped and analysed the Giorgi's method. Finally, the five focal meaning below have been abstracted. Theme 1. Physical symptom loss of appetite, fatigue, insomnia. outbreak of illness, weight loss. Theme 2. life of spiritless lack of desire, sense of emptiness, unstableness, prosaic life. wandering. indifference of appearances, avoidance of meeting people. Theme 3. life of retrospction reflection for his wife, yearning, grief, muttering to himself, never-to-be forgotten wife, leading a lonely life. Theme 4. negative emotion reproaching, feeling hurt, marriage of daughter, feeling heavy, getting angry, sexual desire, awareness of his sinfulness. loneliness Theme 5. social support and adjustment getting his wife off his mind, curring favor with children, support and consolation by his daughter-in-law, appreciation for hospice nurse, considering remarriage, taking care of himself, good relation with his children. The result of this study showed that middle aged men bereaved of their wife by cancer need other's concern. And we have to study further to understand their experience. Until now hospice nursing is concentrated on cancer patients But from now we have to provide their families suitable nursing care programs to adjust themselves to social life before and after death of patients.

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Efficiency Optimization Control of SynRM Drive using Multi-AFLC (다중 AFLC를 이용한 SynRM 드라이브의 효율 최적화 제어)

  • Choi, Jung-Sik;Ko, Jae-Sub;Jang, Mi-Geum;Chung, Dong-Hwa
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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    • v.24 no.5
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    • pp.44-54
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    • 2010
  • Optimal efficiency control of synchronous reluctance motor(SynRM) is very important in the sense of energy saving and conservation of natural environment because the efficiency of the SynRM is generally lower than that of other types of AC motors. This paper is proposed a novel efficiency optimization control of SynRM considering iron loss using multi adaptive fuzzy learning controller(AFLC). The optimal current ratio between torque current and exciting current is analytically derived to drive SynRM at maximum efficiency. This paper is proposed an efficiency optimization control for the SynRM which minimizes the copper and iron losses. There exists a variety of combinations of d and q-axis current which provide a specific motor torque. The objective of the efficiency optimization control is to seek a combination of d and q-axis current components, which provides minimum losses at a certain operating point in steady state. The control performance of the proposed controller is evaluated by analysis for various operating conditions. Analysis results are presented to show the validity of the proposed algorithm.

A 2MC-based Framework for Sensor Data Loss Decrease in Wireless Sensor Network Failures (무선센서네트워크 장애에서 센서 데이터 손실 감소를 위한 2MC기반 프레임워크)

  • Shin, DongHyun;Kim, Changhwa
    • Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.31-40
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    • 2016
  • Wireless sensor networks have been used in many applications such as marine environment, army installation, etc. The sensor data is very important, because all these applications depend on sensor data. The possibility of communication failures becomes high since the surrounding environment of a wireless sense network has an sensitive effect on its communications. In particular, communication failures in underwater communications occur more frequently because of a narrow bandwidth, slow transmission speed, noises from the surrounding environments and so on. In cases of communication failures, the sensor data can be lost in the sensor data delivery process and these kinds of sensor data losses can make critical huge physical damages on human or environments in applications such as fire surveillance systems. For this reason, although a few of studies for storing and compressing sensor data have been proposed, there are lots of difficulties in actual realization of the studies due to none-existence of the framework using network communications. In this paper, we propose a framework for reducing loss of the sensor data and analyze its performance. The our analyzed results in non-framework application show a decreasing data recovery rate, T/t, as t time passes after a network failure, where T is a time period to fill the storage with sensor data after the network failure. Moreover, all the sensor data generated after a network failure are the errors impossible to recover. But, on the other hand, the analyzed results in framework application show 100% data recovery rate with 2~6% data error rate after data recovery.