• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2015

Organogels are semi-solid systems that consist of an apolar solvent as the liquid phase within a three-dimensional networked structure. In this study, we developed a stable and skin penetration-enhanced Lecithin Organogel (LO) containing genistein, which is one of the poorly soluble active ingredients in both polar and apolar phase. After screening of various components (type of gelators, organic and aqueous phase), hydrogenated lecithin (HL), sunflower oil (SO), dipropylene glycol (DPG), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were mainly used in this formulation. Phase ternary diagram was employed for optimization of the composition in the LO. The formulated LO were evaluated for its organoleptic characteristics, stability, pH, rheology, phase transition temperatures, microscopic analysis and skin penetration. The optimized stable LO system can be utilized as an effective and stable cosmetic formulation that can carry poorly soluble active ingredients at high concentration for topical dermal delivery.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2008

Molecular motion influencing the absorption spectrum of a chromophore in liquid is theoretically described by a quantum mechanical time correlation function. In the present paper, we developed a theoretical method to calculate such a quantum mechanical time-correlation function from a classical time-correlation function using semi-classical approximations. The calculated time-correlation function was combined with the second order cumulant expansion method to calculate the absorption spectrum of nile blue in acetonitrile. Reasonably good agreement with experimental spectrum was obtained. From the comparison with experimental spectrum, we concluded that the time scale of solvation dynamics of the system should be longer then 1ps and the first shell of solvent is the major contribution to the solvation dynamics.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2008

This study was conducted to isolate polyacetylenes from the Acanthopanax senticosus and to identify the chemical structure of the polyacetylenes by UV, IR, $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR. One of the liposoluble materials was extracted with petroleum ether. Polyacetylene compounds were collected through solvent fractionation at silica gel column chromatograph. The HPLC was used for the semi-preparative separation IR spectra of fraction 5 showed triple bonds at $2256cm^{-1}$ and double bond at $1654cm^{-1}$, respectively, $^1H$-NMR spectra of Fraction 5 showed the double bond at 5.35-5.48 ppm. Triple bond at 64.0. 71.2, 74.2, 80.2 ppm and double bond at 121.89, 133.0 ppm were observed in the $^{13}C$-NMR spectra.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2001

Supercritical fluid extraction was explored as a method for removing lipids and bad odor from tuna viscera. Selected conditions of extraction pressure, time, temperature and sample size were evaluated for effective removal of lipids and bad odor, Supercritical carbon dioxide was used as a solvent and the extraction was performed at semi-batch flow type. The experimental conditions used in this work was the range of pressure from 1,500 psig to 2,000 psig, the temperature from $25^{\circ}C\;to\;40^{\circ}C$ and dried sample size from 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm. The main fatty acids extracted from tuna viscera were palmitic acid (16: 0) heptadecenoic acid (17: 1) oleic acid (18: 1) and docosahexaenoic acid (22: 6). Protein concentrate was obtained without deformation the optimum condition at $35^{\circ}C$, 1,800 psig and 0.25 mm of the size. In the concentrate after supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, the major amino acids were glutamic acid, leucine and lysine.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 1982

The measurement of cell constant in a diaphragm-cell method is the most important factor. In order to get the correct cell constant, the diffusion coefficients of potassium chloride were measured, at various concentration and temperature of potassium chloride solution, and at the stirring rate in the cell. The pseudo-binary diffusion coefficients of organic aroma component (benzaldehyde) in sugar solution has been measured at various concentration and temperature with the cell constant obtained above. Experimental results were compared and discussed with the semi-empirical epuations from literatures. And, especially, the diffusion coefficient of benzaldehyde, $D_{ba}$ for a small solute diffusing in a viscous solvent of larger molecules is proportional to the -0.82 power of the viscosity of aqueous sugar solution, ${\mu}$ at constant temperature, $D_{ba}{\mu}^{0.82}=constant$.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2007

Purpose: $[^{11}C]6-OH-BTA-1$ ([N-methyl-$^{11}C$]2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole, 1), a -amyloid imaging agent for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in PET, can be labeled with higher yield by a simple loop method. During the synthesis of $[^{11}C]1$, we found the formation of by-products in various solvents, e.g., methylethylketone (MEK), cyclohexanone (CHO), diethylketone (DEK), and dimethylformamide (DMF). Materials and Methods: In Automated radiosynthesis module, 1 mg of 4-aminophenyl-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (4) in 100 l of each solvent was reacted with $[^{11}C]methyl$ triflate in HPLC loop at room temperature (RT). The reaction mixture was separated by semi-preparative HPLC. Aliquots eluted at 14.4, 16.3 and 17.6 min were collected and analyzed by analytical HPLC and LC/MS spectrometer. Results: The labeling efficiencies of $[^{11}C]1$ were $86.0{\pm}5.5%$, $59.7{\pm}2.4%$, $29.9{\pm}1.8%$, and $7.6{\pm}0.5%$ in MEK, CHO, DEK and DMF, respectively. The LC/MS spectra of three products eluted at 14.4, 16.3 and 17.6 mins showed m/z peaks at 257.3 (M+1), 257.3 (M+1) and 271.3 (M+1), respectively, indicating their structures as 1, 2-(4'-aminophenyl)-6-methoxybenzothiazole (2) and by-product (3), respectively. Ratios of labeling efficiencies for the three products $([^{11}C]1:[^{11}C]2:[^{11}C]3)$ were $86.0{\pm}5.5%:5.0{\pm}3.4%:1.5{\pm}1.3%$ in MEK, $59.7{\pm}2.4%:4.7{\pm}3.2%:1.3{\pm}0.5%$ in CHO, $9.9{\pm}1.8%:2.0{\pm}0.7%:0.3{\pm}0.1%$ in DEK and $7.6{\pm}0.5%:0.0%:0.0%$ in DMF, respectively. Conclusion: The labeling efficiency of $[^{11}C]1$ was the highest when MEK was used as a reaction solvent. As results of mass spectrometry, 1 and 2 were conformed. 3 was presumed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.213-217
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• 2001

In order to develop a new separation technology, supercritical fluid extraction process was used to produce high purity pigments and fatty acids from seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida). Supercritical carbon dioxide was used as a solvent and ethanol as an entrainer. The sample was treated by a frozen drier and experiments were conducted with a semi-batch flow system at various operating conditions (pressure range, $10.3\~17.2$ MPa; temperature range, $30\~45^{\circ}C$: particle size, $500\~1,000{\mu}m$ extraction time, 60 min). Characteristics of the recovered pigment (chlorophyll a) and fatty acids were determined by UV-spectrophotometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The highest extraction efficiency for fatty acids and pigments was achieved at 12.4 MPa, $35^{\circ}C$, $500{\mu}m$of seaweed size.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2010

Printing technologies have been indicated as alternative methods for patterning conductive, semi-conductive or insulative materials on account of their low-cost, large-area patternability and pattern flexibility. For application of the printing technologies in manufacture of semiconductor or display modules, ink or paste composed of nanoparticles, solvent and additives are basically needed. Here, we report recent advances in eco-friendly nano-ink technology for semiconductor and display technology. Then, we will introduce an eco-friendly ink formation technology developed in our group with an example of manufacturing $SiO_2$ nanopowders and inks. We tried to manufacture ultrafine $SiO_2$ nanoparticles by applying a low-temperature synthetic method, and then attempted to fabricate the printed $SiO_2$ film onto the glass substrate to see whether the $SiO_2$ nanoparticles are feasible for the printing or not. Finally, the electrical characteristics of the films were measured to investigate the effect of the manufacturing parameters.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2001

In search for several fatty acid with unusual structure in vegetable oils, we have found that unknown peaks were shown on GLC in the analysis of fatty acids of the lipids from the pulp of ripened jujube (Zizypus jujuba var. inermis) fruits. These fatty acids were identified as a series of cis-monoenoic acids with ${\omega}-5$ double bond system such as $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$, including ${\omega}-7$ fatty acid as $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$, by GLC, solid-phase extraction silver ion-column chromatographic, GLC-mass spectrometric and IR techniques. First of all, total fatty acid methyl esters were resolved into saturated and branched fatty acid, monoenoic acid, dienoic acid, and trienoic acid fraction, respectively, with 100% dichloromethane (DCM), DCM/acetone (9:1, v/v) 100% acetone, and acetone/ acetonitrile (97:3, v/v) solvent system. Unknown fatty acids were included in the monoenoic fraction and were confirmed to have cis-configuration by IR. Picolinyl esters of monoenoic fatty acids gave distinct molecular ion peak and dominant diagnostic peaks, for example, m/z 317, 220 and 260 fragment for $cis-C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, m/z 345, m/z 248 and 288 fragment for $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and m/z 373, m/z 276 and 316 fragment for $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}5}$. In this way the occurrence of $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ could be deduced from the appearance of prominent fragments as m/z 345, 220 and 260, and m/z 373, 248 and 280. Level of total ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids amounted to about 30% in the fatty acid composition with the predominance of $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ $ (18.7{\sim}25.0%)$, in the semi-ripened and/or ripened samples collected in September 14 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 18.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.6% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.0%), September 22 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 25.0%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 1.4% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.6%), and October $7 (C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 24.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 7.7% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.5%). However, the lipids extracted from unripened jujube in July and August contain these unusual fatty acids as low as negligible. It could be observed that the level of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids in the pulps increased sharply with an elapse of ripening time of jujube fruits. Other monoenoic fatty acids with ${\omega}-7$ series, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ (palmitoleic acid) and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ (cis-vaccenic acid) could be detected. And in the lipids of the kernel and leaf of jujube, none of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids could be detected.