• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.188-199
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• 2015

Nineteen tanniferous browse plants were collected from South Africa to investigate their digestibility, gas production (GP) characteristics and methane production. Fresh samples were collected, dried in forced oven, and ground and analyzed for nutrient composition. In vitro GP and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were determined using rumen fluid collected, strained and anaerobically prepared. A semi-automated system was used to measure GP by incubating the sample in a shaking incubator at $39^{\circ}C$. There was significant (p<0.05) variation in chemical composition of studied browses. Crude protein (CP) content of the species ranged from 86.9 to 305.0 g/kg dry matter (DM). The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ranged from 292.8 to 517.5 g/kg DM while acid detergent fiber (ADF) ranged from 273.3 to 495.1 g/kg DM. The ash, ether extract, non-fibrous carbohydrate, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen and CP were negatively correlated with methane production. Methane production was positively correlated with NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemi-cellulose. Tannin decreased GP, IVOMD, total volatile fatty acid and methane production. The observed low methanogenic potential and substantial ammonia generation of some of the browses might be potentially useful as rumen manipulating agents. However, a systematic evaluation is needed to determine optimum levels of supplementation in a mixed diet in order to attain a maximal depressing effect on enteric $CH_4$ production with a minimal detrimental effect on rumen fermentation of poor quality roughage based diet.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.42-50
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of pomegranate hull colorant as a natural hair coloring dye. The extract of pomegranate hull was concentrated and freeze-dried to get colorant powder. Effect of dyeing condition and mordanting on the dye uptake of hair by using Al, Fe, Cu, Cr, Sn compounds, color change and colorfastness were explored. In addition, tensile strength was measured and the surface of the hair was observed. Dye uptake of hair measured by K/S value (400 nm) indicated that ionic bonding seems to be involved in the sorption of pomegranate colorant to hair. Maximum sorption was obtained at pH 3.5 and the concentration of 50% (on the weight of hair, o.w.h.). Acidic dyeing condition (pH $3.5{\sim}5.0$) showed yellow color however alkaline dyeing condition (pH $7{\sim}11$) gave reddish yellow color. Pomegranate hull colorant produced greyish brown color on hair and the hair mordanted with Fe showed dark brown color. Mordants except Fe did not increase dye uptake significantly. Mordants except Cu increased light fastness and mordants except Cr increased washing fastness level slightly. According to SEM observation and the tensile strength retention measurement, the mordant dyed hair gave more damage to hair by ultraviolet light and washing than the hair dyed without mordanting. Experimental results of K/S value and colorfastness(light and washing) supported that pomegranate hull colorant without mordanting can be used as a semi-permanent natural hair coloring dye.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.128-137
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was designed to elucidate the energy-utilization patterns for five methods of robo production. Methods: Robo (fried melon cake) was produced using five different methods, and the energy used for each unit operation was calculated using standard equations. The sensory attributes of the products were determined by panelists. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and analysis of variance at p < 0.05. Results: The energy demands for processing 2.84 kg of melon seed into robo (fried melon cake) using processes 1 (traditional method), 2, 3, 4, and 5 (improved methods) were 50,599.5, 21,793.6, 20,379.7, 21,842.9, and 20,429.3 kJ, respectively. These are equivalent to energy intensities of 1,7816.7, 7,673.8, 7,175.9, 7,691.2, and 7,193.4 kJ/kg, respectively. For the traditional process, the frying operation consumed the highest energy (21,412.0 kJ), and the mixing operation consumed the lowest energy (675.0 kJ). For the semi-mechanized processes, the molding operation consumed the highest energy (6,120.0 kJ), and the dry milling consumed the lowest energy (14.4 kJ). Conclusions: The energy-consumption patterns were functions of the type of unit operation, the technology involved in the operations, and the size of the equipment used in the whole processing operation. Robo produced via the milling of dried melon seed before oil expression was rated highest with regard to the aroma and taste quality, as well as the overall acceptability of the sensory evaluation, and required the lowest energy consumption. Full mechanization of the process line has potential for further reduction of the energy demand.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the hygienic quality of commercial Kwamegi, a Korean traditional food, made from semi-dried Pacific saury. The hygienic qualities of 10 Kwamegi samples were examined from the 15 commercially available types. Samples with code 3, 4, 6, 11 and 12 were acceptable based on criteria suggested by Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (i.e. moisture below 50%, total mercury below 0.5 ppm, lead below 2.0 ppm, viable cells below $1.0{\times}10^5$ CFU/g and coliform count below $1.0{\times}10^3$ MPN/100g. Peroxide value of commercial Kwamegi ranged from 15.3-104.1 meq/kg. Agmatine sulfate, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, dopamine and spermine were found in all of the 15 commercially available Kwamegi, while tryptamine and 2-phenylethylamine were not detected. Putrescine dihydrochloride was only detected in 7 samples. The histamine content of commercial Kwamegi ranged from 33-124mg/kg, which is believed to be an acceptable limit according to guidelines from other countries. Cadaverine can be used as a potential index for freshness of commercial Kwamegi as there is a good correlation between volatile basic nitrogen and biogenic amine contents.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.128-135
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• 2009

The survival of Colletotrichum acutatum was investigated in soil, infected fruits, and infected fruit debris incorporated into soil at several temperatures with different soil moisture levels. Samples were examined at 2-week intervals for 18 weeks to determine the survival of the pathogen based on the number of colony forming unit (CFU) of C. acutatum recovered on a semi-selective medium. C. acutatum conidia survived in both sterile and non-sterile soil at 4 and $10^{\circ}C$ for 18 weeks. If infected pepper fruits were completely dried, C. acutatum survived for 18 weeks at temperature from 4 to $20^{\circ}C$. Soil temperature and moisture affected the survival of C. acutatum in infected fruit debris incorporated into soil after air-drying. The effect of soil moisture on survival was weaker at low temperatures than at high temperatures. For up to 16 weeks, conidia were recovered from fruit debris in soil that had been kept at 4 to $20^{\circ}C$ and below 6% soil moisture. Conidia were recovered from fields until approximately 6 months after pepper fruits were harvested. Using PCR with species-specific primers and a pathogenicity test, we identified conidia recovered from soil and infected fruit from both the laboratory and field as C. acutatum and as the primary inoculum causing pepper anthracnose.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.694-698
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• 2020

The consumption of Gwamegi, a semi-dried saury Cololabis saira, and its vegetable sides has increased owing to its availability online. Therefore, this study investigated the microbial contamination levels in Gwamegi and its accompanying vegetable sides bought online by measuring total viable bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and fungi. The total viable bacteria ranged from 3-5 log CFU/g. The fungi in Gwamegi and garlic were 3.4 and 3.9 log CFU/g, respectively. The positive rate of bacterial contamination was 100% (2-3 log CFU/g) in Gwamegi, cabbage Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis, and green chili Capsicum annuum, whereas the contamination positive rate was 80% and 60% (< 2 log CFU/g) in chives Allium ascalonicum L. and garlic A. sativum L., respectively. The positive rates of E. coli were 0%, 20%, 60%, and 40% in Gwamegi, green chili, cabbage, and chives, respectively. The contamination levels of E. coli were 1-2 log CFU/g. S. aureus was detected at < 1 log CFU/g in all raw materials. The data on microbial contamination levels may be used for microbial risk assessment of Gwamegi and vegetables for controlling the level of microbial contamination and securing microbiological safety.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.100-108
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• 2010

This study was conducted to characterize the nutrion of commercial Kwamegi, a Korean traditional food made from semi-dried Pacific saury, Cololabis saira. The ratios of saturated and monoenoic fatty acids to polyenoic fatty acids in commercial Kwamegi ranged from 0.52-0.75 and 1.01-1.53, respectively. The major fatty acids in commercial Kwamegi were 16:0 (9.1-14.2%), 20:1n-9 (8.6-16.1%), 22:1n-9 (15.7-22.1%), and 22:6n-3 (11.0-18.0%). The total amino acid content of commercial Kwamegi ranged from 27.10-33.19 g/100 g. The major amino acids in commercial Kwamegi were aspartic acid (11.8-13.0%), glutamic acid (14.3-16.0%), leucine (7.8-8.5%), and lysine (7.5-9.0%), which accounted for more than 41% of the total amino acid content. The mineral content of commercial Kwamegi ranged from 0.7-4.3 mg/100 g for zinc, 279.6-466.3 mg/100 g for potassium, 41.7-128.3 mg/100 g for calcium, 38.8-77.8 mg/100 g for magnesium, and 224.3-348.4 mg/100 g for phosphorus. These results suggest that commercial Kwamegi is a superior food in terms of nutrition and health.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2001

초임계 이산화탄소를 이용한 가다랑어 내장으로부터 지방산 추출 및 단백질 농축물의 제조를 위하여 초임계 추출장치의 조건을 압력 1,500-2,000psig, 온도$25^{\circ}C\~40^{\circ}C$으로 하여 추출실험을 하였다. 유속 50mL/min, 압력 1,800psig, 온도 $35^{\circ}C$, 입자크기 0.25mm에서 약 $97\%$ 이상의 지질 추출효율을 보였고, Fig. 5와 6에서 알 수 있듯이 압력 1,800psig, 온도 $35^{\circ}C$, 입자크기 0.25mm의 조건에서 지질을 제거함으로 인하여 약 $50\%$의 단백질이 회수되었고 대부분의 이 취가 제거된 것을 관능적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 이 조건에서 추출된 지질의 주요 지방산으로는 palmitic acid (16: 0), oleic acid(18:1) 등이었고, 주요 유리 아미노산는 taurine 등이었으며, 주요구성 아미노산은 glutamic acid, leucine, lysine 등이었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.1102-1106
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• 2000

본 연구는 과메기의 위생적 품질 및 저장기간을 연장하기 위한 감마선 조사의 효과를 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 과메기를 0, 3, 5, 7, 10 kGy의 선량으로 감마선 조사하여 저장하면서 미생물 생육을 검사하였다. 미생물학적 관점에서 비조사구는 저장동안 빠르게 품질이 저하되었고, 선택배지를 이용한 시험에서 병원균으로 추정되는 균들의 생육이 관찰되었다. 그러나, 감마선 조사된 시료에서 총균수 및 병원균으로 추정되는 균들의 생육이 조사선량이 증가함에 따라 감소되었고, 7에서 10 kGy의 감마선 조사가 과메기의 저장에 적절하고 효과적인 선량으로 나타났다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.653-660
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• 2019

Ganoderma lucidum, an oriental polypore fungus and medicinal mushroom, has a long history of use for promoting health and longevity in Korea, China, and other Asian countries. This study was aimed at determining the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of Ganoderma lucidum in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Ganoderma lucidum was extracted with ethanol and freeze-dried. The anti-inflammatory effect (nitrite production) of Ganoderma lucidum extracts was tested using a nitric oxide (NO) colorimetric assay. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to quantify the mRNA expression of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, and IL-6. Western blotting was performed to measure the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) p65, and phosphorylated $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65. The NO colorimetric assay showed that NO production increased with the treatment of lipopolysaccharide in (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and decreased with the cotreatment of Ganoderma lucidum extracts and LPS. Ganoderma lucidum extracts repressed the mRNA expressions of cytokines, which were increased after the LPS treatment. In addition, Ganoderma lucidum extracts inhibited the LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 and the LPS-induced phosphorylation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65. These results suggest that the Ganoderma lucidum extracts exert an anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting $NF-{\kappa}B$ related proteins and cytokines.