• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 1994

To develop the treatment process of swine wastewater using Rhodopseudomonas palustris KK14 with high utilizable ability of organic acids, some operating conditions were investigated and optimized in flask-scale and laboratory-scale reactors. The optimal operating conditions in photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) reactor of semi-continuous type were obtained at HRT 6 day, 5% (v/v/day) seeding rate of PSB sludge and 10% (v/v/day) returning rate of PSB return sludge. Under the above operating condition, COD level of the wastewater (initial COD: 10 g/l) was reduced to about 1.7 g/l after 4 days treatment and MLSS was held constant at $4{\sim}5\;g$ per liter. In laboratory-scale process consisted of 5.2 l anaearobic digestion reactor and 15 l PSB reactor, the total removal rates of COD and BOD were increased to 95% and 96% by the continuous operation for 5.36 days, respectively, showing $3kg\;COD/m^3/day$ COD loading rate and 1.1 Kg COD/Kg MLSS/day sludge loading rate in PSB reactor. The offensive odor was considerably removed through the treatment process of swine wastewater.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.381-386
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• 2017

'Jangha' is a new strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch.) cultivar, which was released by the Highland Agriculture Research Institute in 2014. The 'Jangha' cultivar originated in 2008 from a cross between 'Goha' and 'Elsinore' that showed excellent ever-bearing characteristics, including continuous flowering habit and high soluble-solids contents under long-day and high temperature conditions. This cultivar was initially named 'Saebong No. 6' after examining its characteristics and productivity in summer culture from 2010 to 2012. After two regional adaptability tests in 2013-2014, 'Jangha' was selected from Saebong No. 6 as an elite cultivar. The general characteristics of 'Jangha' include semi-spreading type, elliptical leaves, and moderately vigorous growth. The fruit are conical in shape, and red in color. 'Jangha' plants have 21.4 leaves, 55.8 fewer than 'Flamenco' plants. The soluble-solids content of 'Jangha' was 8.9%, which was 1.2% higher than that of 'Flamenco'. The average fruit weight of 'Jangha' was about 11.7g and the marketable yield was $19,013kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, 141% higher than 'Flamenco'. 'Jangha' is suitable for summer season cultivation as a high soluble solids contents cultivar, because it shows continuous flowering habit under long-day and high temperature conditions.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.739-743
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• 2014

This work characterizes 'Yeolha', a new strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch.) cultivar that was released by the Highland Agriculture Research Center, RDA, in 2013. This cultivar originated from a 2008 cross between 'Goha' and 'Elsinyo' and showed excellent ever-bearing characteristics including continuous a flowering habit under long-day and high temperature conditions. It was originally named 'Saebong No. 5' after examining its characteristics and productivity in summer culture from 2010 to 2013. After two regional adaptability tests in 2012, it was selected as an elite cultivar and renamed 'Yeolha'. The general characteristics of 'Yeolha' include a semi-spreading plant type, elliptic leaves, and strong vigor in growth. Its fruit is conical and red. T he s oluble s olids content of 'Yeolha' is 8 .6%, w hich is 0.6% h ig her than t hat of 'Flamenco', b ut f ruit hardness is lower than that of 'Flamenco'. The average fruit weight of 'Yeolha' is about 12.1 g and the marketable yield is $28,133kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, which is 117% higher than that of 'Flamenco'. 'Yeolha' is resistant against Fusarium wilt. In addition, 'Yeolha' is suitable for four-season cultivation as a high harvesting cultivar because it shows continuous flowering under long-day and high temperature conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.1
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• pp.158-162
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• 2012

The acclimatization of in vitro propagated plants is an important step to produce vigorous plants for clonal forestry and in vitro micro-environment may affect the growth in ex vitro condition. To monitor in vitro environmental effects on the growth in ex vitro condition, several culture systems such semi-solid medium(SS), temporary immersion bioreactor(TIB) and continuous immersion bioreactor(CIB) culture types were tested to compare for the growth of acclimated plants of Liriodendron tulipifera. Results suggested that morphological characters, stomatal conductance, evapotranspiration and chlorophyll contents of acclimated plants were affected by the different of in vitro culture conditions. CIB type of culture was resulted to the lowest value in the biomass of acclimated plants. Net photosynthsis rate of CIB was the same level as those of SS and TIB. However, stomatal conductance, evapotranspiration and $CO_2$ partial pressure in the intercellular air space were lower than those of SS and TIB. The amounts of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were also lower than those of the other two culture systems. TIB, showing a little lower or higher value than SS in many growth character, is recommended rather than CIB to produce healthy yellow poplar plants in ex situ condition.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.515-518
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• 2010

'Gangha' is new strawberry ($Fragaria{\times}ananassa$ Duch.) cultivar, which was released by National Institute of Highland Agriculture, RDA, in 2008. In 2004, this cultivar was originated from a cross between 'Samahberi' and 'Elan' and showed excellent ever-bearing characteristics including continuous flowering habit, high yield under long-day and high temperature condition. It was named 'Saebong No.2' after examining its characteristic and productivity in summer culture from 2006 to 2007. Again, after two regional adaptability tests in 2008, 'Gangha' was selected as an elite cultivar. The general characteristics of 'Gangha' include semi-spreading type, middle vigor, elliptic leaf, and long cluster in growth. The fruit shape is oval and fruit color is red. Fruit quality had 1ow activity, hardness but high soluble solids contents. This average fruit weight of 'Gangha' is about 12.0 g and the marketable yield is relatively high because of more flower cluster appearance. It is resistant against powdery mildew, anthracnose, and fusarium wilt. 'Gangha' is suitable for summer culture using domestic consumption because it is shows continuous flowering habit, high yield, and fruit quality under long-day and high temperature condition.

• Clean Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2005

In this study, semibatch emulsion copolymerization of n-BA as adhesive component and MMA as coagulant component were carried out for the stable acrylic polymer latex in aqueous phase for polymer cement using LE-type nonionic surfactant as environmental friendly surfactant. The stable polymer emulsion was obtained with the increases of chain length(n) of this surfactant. The effect on the amount of LE-50 as nonionic surfactant were showed that the concentration of polymer latex were increased by increasing the amount of LE-50, whereas the average particle size were decreased by increasing the amount. The addition of functional monomer in initial reactor charge showed a significant effect on the final polymer concentration and the latex particle size. The single polymerization of each n-BA or MMA showed a very low concentration of polymer latex and very big particle size due to coagulation. In the polymerization composed of mixed monomer with MMA and n-BA, the larger the ratio of MMA to n-BA in the copolymers, the greater the amount of coagulum produced. It was found that a stable copolymers were obtained in the range of 15-35 % of n-BA. Moreover, incorporation of some functional monomers in addition to of main monomers became more stable polymer latex. Through DSC and IR analysis, the final polymer latex was composed by MMA/n-BA/AA/AM with a single Tg depending on the reaction conditions. As a result, the conditions of this acrylic polymerization could also be effectively controlled to get the desired final products.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth characteristics of perilla according to the materials of the seedbed for the development of seedling plug technology suitable for the mechanical transplantation of perilla. Perilla (Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara) cultivars Deulsaem and Sodam were used in this experiment. The composition ratios of 170 products from 16 companies published in the 'Korean Association of Seedbed Media' homepage were compared according to usage and type, and 11 products that corresponded to the average were selected. The seedbed was classified according to the seedbed for paddy rice as light-weight, semi-weight, and weight, and based on the seedbed for horticulture, as light-weight and ultra-light. The seedlings were placed in 72-cell (semi-automatic), 128-cell (automatic) and 220-cell (automatic) plug trays. We selected 2 light-weight seedbeds of paddy rice and 2 light-weight seedbeds of horticultural products with the highest plant growth. We analyzed plant height and mat formation of the perilla roots. Results showed that the perilla height and mat formation were the best in light-weight seedbeds of paddy rice (product R1). Therefore, light-weight seedbeds of rice (product R1) were suitable for perilla plant transplantation. The estimated major components were vermiculite 41.0%, cocopeat 31.0%, peat moss 5.7%, and red-yellow soil 20.0%. The mechanical transplantation of perilla significantly boosts plant growth and reduces sowing and thinning efforts. However, continuous evaluation of newly introduced, commercial seedbeds is needed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.95-95
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• 2017

Lodging is a serious issue in rice production, because it drastically decreases the biomass production and grain yield. Since the Green Revolution, the lodging resistance has been increased by lowering the moment of above-ground parts due to the short culm by the semi-dwarf gene sd1. However, it has been pointed out that sd1 alone has suppressive effects for biomass production and yield. To increase rice yield, the long-culm and large panicle type varieties with a superior lodging resistance need to be developed. To improve the lodging resistance and yield of these type varieties, it would be effective to identify novel alleles for these traits underlying natural variations in rice and to pyramid these alleles to a single rice variety. In order to perform this strategy, we have developed new rice lines derived from crosses among varieties with superior alleles. At first, TULT-gh-5-5 was selected from a cross between strong culm and high biomass variety Leaf Star and high-yielding variety Takanari, and TUAT-32HB was selected from a cross between high-yielding variety Akenohoshi and Takanari. Then, we developed the super thick-culm and super grain-bearing line, LTAT-29 derived from a cross between TULT-gh-5-5 and TUAT-32HB. In the current study, to identify the QTLs and genes relating to the strong culm and the high yield of LTAT-29, we performed QTL analysis using SNPs markers with $F_2$ population derived from a cross between LTAT-29 and Takanari. LTAT-29 has never lodged throughout the growth period despite it had long culms and heavy panicles. LTAT-29 had a larger outer diameter of the culm and twice the size of the section modulus than Takanari. As a result, the bending moment at breaking of LTAT-29 was significantly larger than that of Takanari. Brown rice yield of LTAT-29 was $9.2t\;ha^{-1}$ about 10% higher than that of Takanari due to the larger number of spikelets per panicle. LTAT-29 had a greater number of secondary branches per panicle. In the $F_2$ population between LTAT-29 and Takanari, we found continuous frequency distributions in the section modulus and the spikelet number per panicle. Two QTLs increased the section modulus by the alleles of LTAT-29 were detected on Chr.1L and Chr.2L. One QTL increased the spikelet number per panicle of Takanari by the allele of LTAT-29 was detected on Chr.1L, and two QTLs increased the number of secondary branches per panicle by the alleles of LTAT-29 were detected on Chr.1L and Chr.4L. It was found that the alleles of these QTLs were the japonica type originated from Leaf Star or Akenohoshi. The novel QTLs for the traits related to super thick-culm and super grain-bearing and their combinations could be utilized for improving the lodging resistance and yield in rice varieties.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2005

The performance of a novel fermentation process, adopting a sludge blanket type configuration for higher hydrolysis/acidogenesis of the municipal primary sludge, was investigated under batch and semi-continuous conditions with various pH and temperature conditions. This acid elutriation slurry reactor provided higher system performance with a short HRT (5 days) and higher acidogenic effluent quality under pH 9 and thermophilic ($55^{\circ}C$) conditions. The hydrolysis of the sludge was revealed to be significantly dependent on seasonal effects for sludge characteristics but with little impact on acidogenesis. Based on the rainy season at the optimum conditions, VFA production and recovery fraction ($VFA_{COD}/COD$) were $0.18\;g\;VFA_{COD}\;g^{-1}\;VSS_{COD}$ and 63%. As byproducts, nitrogen and phosphorus releasing were $0.006\;g\;N\;g^{-1}\;VSS_{COD}$ and $0.003\;g\;P\;g^{-1}\;VSS_{COD}$, respectively. For the mass balance in a full-scale plant($Q=158,880\;m^3\;day^{-1}$) based on the rainy season, the VFA and non-VFA(as COD) production were $3,110\;kg\;VFA_{COD}\;day^{-1}$ and $1,800\;kg\;COD\;day^{-1}$, resulting in an increase of organics of $31\;mg\;COD\;L^{-1}$ and $20\;mg\;VFA_{COD}\;L^{-1}$ and nutrients of $0.7\;mg\;N\;L^{-1}$ and $0.3\;mg\;P\;L^{-1}$ in the influent sewage. The economical benefit from this process application was estimated to be about $67 per $1,000m^3$ of sewage except for energy requirements and also, better benefits can be expected during the dry season. Also, the results revealed that the process has various additional advantages such as pathogen-free stabilized solids production, excellent solids control and economical benefits.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.129-149
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• 1991

Circadian rhythm is entrained in the 24-hour time interval by periodic factors in the environment, known as zeitgeber. But most rotating work schedules are outside the range of the entrainment of the pacemaker timing the human circadian sleep - wake cycle. It has been postulated that physiological and emotional disturbances occur in most human functions when the circadian rhythm is disturbed. So application of circadian principles to the design of shift schedules can aid in maintaining the temporal integrity of the circadian system and thereby minimize for the shift worker any detrimental consequences of circadian disruption. This study was a quasi-experimental study to test the effect of shift intervals for the clinical nurse on the circadian rhythm. Twenty nurses newly employed in general units of two hospitals were selected as an experimental group and twelve college nursing students as a control group. Both groups were selected according to an established criteria using a purposive sampling technique. Ten subjects were assigned to a weekly shift group and another ten to a biweekly shift group engaged in a semi -continuous shift schedule(sunday off) with a backward direction, that is, morning -evening - night shift. The control group worked a morning shift for 42 days. Oral temperature rhythm, waking tim, sleep - wake cycle, fatigue, and mental performance were measured during the experimental period. The data collection period was from April 30, 1990 to June 10, 1990. MANOVA, paired t-test, ANOVA, and Student Newman Keuls method were used for statistical analysis. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Phase delay in the acrophase of temperature rhythm was shown according to the backward rotating shift. A complete adaptation to work on the night shift was achieved between the sixth and ninth day of the night shift. 2. There was no difference in either waking time or sleep- wake cycle according to the duration of the working day for every shift group. Significant difference was found in the waking time and the sleep -wake cycle for subjects on the morning, evening, and night shift in both of the shift groups(weekly shift group : λ＝0.121, p＜0.01, λ＝0.112, p＜0.01, biweekly shift group : λ＝0.116, p＜0.01, λ＝0.084, p＜0.01). 3. There was no difference in fatigue between the first working day and the last working day for the control group and for the biweekly shift group. In the weekly shift group, physical fatigue was significantly different for the first day and the sixth day of the night shift(t＝-2.28, p＜0.05). Physical fatigue and total fatigue on the first day of the night shift showed a significant difference among the control group, the weekly shift group, and the biweekly shift group(F＝5.79, p＜0.01, F＝4.56, p＜0.05). There was a significant difference between the shift groups and the control group(p＜0.05), Physical fatigue, neurosensory fatigue and total fatigue on the last day of the night shift showed a significant difference among the control group, the weekly shift group, and the biweekly shift group(F＝12.65, p＜0.01, F＝7.77, p＜0.01, F＝9.68, p＜0.01). There was a significant difference between the shift groups and the control group(p＜0.05). 4. No difference in mental performance was seen between the first day and the last day of work in each case. An arithmatic test on the first day of the night shift revealed a significant difference among the control group, the weekly shift group, and the biweekly shift group(F＝3.79, p＜0.05). There was a significant difference between the shift groups and the control group(p＜0.05) . The digital symbol substitution test and the arithmetic test on the last day of the night shift showed a significant difference among the control group, the weekly shift group, and the biweekly shift group(F＝3.68, p＜0.05, F＝5.55, p＜0.01), and both showed a significant difference between the shift groups and the control group(p＜0.05). Accordingly, this study showed that during night duty, the waking time, sleep- wake cycle, and fatigue increased and mental performance decreased compared with morning and evening duty. It was also found that the weekly shift group had a higher fatigue score on the sixth day of night duty as compared to the -first day, but the waking time, sleep- wake cycle, and mental performance revealed no difference for the duration of the night duty or between shift groups, and complete adaptation of temperature rhythm was achieved between the sixth and ninth day of night duty. It is possible to conclude from these results that for intermediate circadian type in a healthy young woman, a biweekly shift system is more compatible with the circadian timing system than weekly shift system.