• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.644-650
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• 1999

Trace amount of cobalt in water samples was preconcentrated continuously with an organic precipitant and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The flow injection technique was used to preconcentrate cobalt by on-line direct precipitation with 1-nitroso-2-naphthol. The precipitation was dissolved with methyl isobutyl ketone (MlBK) and was sent to the flame. The optimum conditions for cobalt determination were determined and used to analyze Co samples. For 1.0 mL of sample, the enrichment factor was 13 and the sample throughput was about lO per hour for 0.5 ppm Co solution. The enrichment factor was increased to 68 fold for 10.0 mL. A semi-reference biologicaI sample was prepared and analyzed. The result was in good agreement with the expected value with RSD of 4%.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6497-6500
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• 2012

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in females in the World with around 500,000 new cases occurring annually, but the first in the developing countries with a high mortality if not diagnosed early. Papanicolau (Pap) smear is a cheap, easy-to-apply and widely accepted test which has been long used to detect cervical cancer at very early stages. However, despite being available for nearly 60 years, the test can hardly be considered to have become successfully applied in many communities. We aimed in this study to present the results of a screening survey for cervical cancer which targeted a women population aged between 35 and 40 living in a semi-rural area in the province of Hatay, located in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, with specific aims of increasing early diagnosis, education and raising population awareness about cancers. This community-based descriptive study covered 512 women between 35 and 40 years of age living at Armutlu with a mean age of $37.6{\pm}1.7$. Gynecologic examinations revealed cervical erosion in 8 (1.6%), vaginitis in 193 (37.7%) and normal findings in 311 (60.7%); pathological evaluation reports of the smears were negative in 290 (56.6%), inflammation in 218 (42.6%) and ASC-US in 4 (0.8%), according to the 2001 Bethesda classification. It can be concluded that Pap smear test - proven to be a very valuable test at the clinical level- should also be widely used at the community level to detect cervical cancer at very early stages to reduce both the mortality and morbidity among healthy people. The need for continuous community-based cervical cancer screening programs is strongly suggested.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.52-60
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• 2004

The basic approach to sewage sludge is organic waste minimization, promotion of energy recovery; volume and weight reduction by final treatment, and environmentally final disposal of natural circulation. Dry and pyrolysis of maize was experimentally investigated in full-scale rotary kiln in semi-continuous operation. The operational parameters varied are the operating temperature $160{\sim}175^{\circ}C$ of dry and $450{\sim}800^{\circ}C$ of pyrolysis, the solids residence time 9 min for pyrolysis. Important parameters studied include the running time, water content of sewage sludge, solids amount of sewage sludge(TS%) by the varied temperature. Also, with the increasing of temperature, how the yield of oil and char product change was observed, and the distribution of gas production components was observed. The gas of $C_1{\sim}C_3$ yield increased and oil of $C_4{\sim}C_6$ yield decreased along with pyrolysis temperature of $670^{\circ}C$ by the run time of 9 min.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.16-22
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• 1998

Recently, the new technology for the recycling of waste plastics as an alternative he1 of blast furnace ha been developed. In this shldy, the test of plastics injection into a tuyere af the foundry blast furnace were carried out. The injection rate of plastics far this tcst facility war expressed as follows, ${W}_{s}=0.265\frac{{delta}PA}{U}_{g}$, where. Ws, AP, A and Ug are plastic conveying ratc (kgisec), pressure drop between feed hopper and blaqt pressure (alm), cross sectional area of conveying pipe (mi) and superficial velocity of transport air (mhzc) respcctiuely. From the results of semi-continuous test operation during 96 hours, the replacement raho mned out to be 1.38 according to the injection rate of 6. 4 kg-plasticsit-p. With increasing the rate of plaslics injcchon, the content of hydrogen in top gas became increased and the brick temperahlre at bzlly was also increased due to Lhe changes ot the combustion zone shape.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.870-883
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• 2012

This study aims to summarize recent discussions on naming the sea between Korea and Japan and to draw some research topics of the geographical toponymy. The International Hydrographic Conference and the United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names held in 2012 repeatedly saw clearly different positions of Korea and Japan on the naming of the sea. From the debates, four topics appeared distinctly which deserve receiving continuous interests in the field of geographical toponymy. These include: necessity of dual naming and characteristics of, and perceptions on the object of dual naming; political economic nature of the sea, e.g. semi-enclosed sea, EEZ, and relevant use of names; relationship between the sea containing strong emotional ties and its naming; additional definition of toponymic terminologies to proceed with more objective and logical discussions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.2052-2059
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• 2017

The emergence and dissemination of Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) are strongly associated with the occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) enterobacteria in humans and animals. Diverse SGI1s have been reported among Salmonella enterica and Proteus mirabilis in several countries. We aimed to characterize SGI1 in P. mirabilis isolates from humans and chickens in Chungcheong Province, Korea. A total of 44 P. mirabilis isolates were recovered from humans (n = 20) and chickens (n = 24). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion assay. To detect and characterize SGI1s, PCR amplification and PCR mapping experiments were performed. Repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (REP-PCR) was performed to assess the clonality of the isolates. The four P. mirabilis strains (16.7%) from chicken harbored a SGI1, whereas none of the isolates from clinical specimens contained SGI1. The SGI1s detected in our study were all confirmed as SGI1-PmABB harboring aminoglycoside-resistant genes (aacCA5 and aadA7). In P. mirabilis isolates, the presence of SGI1-PmABB was significantly correlated with high resistance rates of the isolates to antimicrobial agents, such as gentamicin, streptomycin, and spectinomycin. Moreover, the four SGI1-bearing isolates showed the same REP-PCR patterns and that suggested both horizontal and clonal spread of the isolates. This study is the first attempt to determine SGI1s in P. mirabilis isolates in Korea. We confirmed that P. mirabilis isolates carrying SGI1-PmABB were distributed at poultry farms in Korea. The present study emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring of SGI1s to prevent spreading of the MDR genomic islands among P. mirabilis isolates from humans and animals.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.110-118
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• 2016

We compared germination efficiency for somatic embryos (SE) of Liriodendron tulipifera using semi-solid (SS), temporary immersion bioreactors (TIB), and continuous immersion bioreactors (CIB) to produce vigorous plants. The bioreactors were designed to be immersed in liquid media with plantlets with an adjustable immersion time. TIB and CIB improved germination rates up to 80.86% and 95.21%, respectively, however, CIB produced more hyperhydric plantlets than TIB. The height of plantlets in TIB was significantly higher than for those in CIB. Fresh weights of plantlets grown in CIB of were significantly lower than for those grown in TIB. The lowest chlorophyll concentration was found in in vitro plantlets from CIB. We examined abnormally developed leaves, stems, and apical zones of in vitro plantlets that were produced in CIB. Among the three types, SS showed the highest stomatal density and the shortest stomatal length in in vitro plantlets. After acclimatization, plants from CIB exhibited the lowest values in biomass, such as height, root collar diameter, leaf fresh weight, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, petiole diameter, and leaf area. Photosynthesis and transpiration rates of ex vitro plants were not significantly different among the three culture types, but stomatal conductance was higher in TIB than in the SS and CIB. Therefore, the results suggest that TIB is the preferable bioreactor to improve in vitro plantlet regeneration of L. tulipifera. TIB-originated plants showed higher growth rate than SS and CIB after transferring to soil.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.167-177
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• 2005

In this study, the PRMS(Precipitation and Runoff Modeling System), developed by USGS(United States Geological Survey), was applied to the Yongdam dam watershed in the Geum River basin. The efficiency for runoff simulation and spatial characteristics of PRMS were evaluated. The runoff changes with the changes of subcatchments and HRUs were estimated. As results, the size of the subcatchment and HRV did not significantly affect the runoff at the exit of watershed. Consequently, the spatial characteristic of PRMS was shown as lumped type rather than semi-distributed. The geographical input data for Yongdam dam watershed were converted to the USGS Input type, and the parameters were calibrated using Rosenbrock optimization method, validated with the observed runoff data. The PRMS showed resonable agreements in the long-term continuous runoff simulation, if the accuracy of observed data is ensured.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.10 s.171
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• pp.833-844
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• 2006

The objective of this study is to evaluate the snowmelt effects on the hydrological components, especially on the runoff, by using the soil water assessment tool(SWAT) which is a continuous semi-distributed long term rainfall-runoff model. The model was applied to the basin located in the upstream of the Chungju Dam. Some parameters in the snowmelt algorithm were estimated for the Chungju basin in order to reflect the snowmelt effects. The snowmelt effects were assessed by comparing the simulated runoff with the observed runoff data at the outlet of the basin. It was found out that the simulated runoff with considering the snowmelt component matches more satisfactorily to the observed one than without considering snowmelt effect. The simulation results revealed that the snowmelt effects were noticeable on March and April. Similar results were obtained at other two upstream gauging points. The effect of the elevation bands which distribute temperature and precipitation with elevation was analyzed. This study also showed that the snowmelt effect significantly affects the temporal distribution as well as quantity of the hydrological components. The simulated runoff was very sensitive to the change of temperature near the threshold temperature which the snowmelt can occur. However, the reason was not accounted for this paper, Therefore, further analyses related to this feature are needed.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.94-99
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• 2015

With the recent machine learning paradigm of using nonparametric Bayesian statistics and statistical inference based on random sampling, the Dirichlet distribution finds many uses in a variety of graphical models. It is a multivariate generalization of the gamma distribution and is defined on a continuous (K-1)-simplex. This paper presents a sampling method for a Dirichlet distribution for the problem of dividing an integer X into a sequence of K integers which sum to X. The target samples in our problem are all positive integer vectors when multiplied by a given X. They must be sampled from the correspondingly gridded simplex. In this paper we develop a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) proposal distribution for the neighborhood grid points on the simplex and then present the complete algorithm based on the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. The proposed algorithm can be used for the Markov model, HMM, and Semi-Markov model for accurate state-duration modeling. It can also be used for the Gamma-Dirichlet HMM to model q the global-local duration distributions.