• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2008

Given the evolving nature of the family unit, a large number of children are being left unsupervised after school. The purpose of this study is to understand the adaptation ability and emotional capacity of these children. To achieve this objective, we investigated the different characteristics of 708 middle-school students in Seoul, dividing them into two categories adult-care children, for whom adults provide care after school, and self-care children for whom no adult supervision was present. In particular, we examined children's adaptation to the school environment and possible self-consciousness difference between self-care and adult-care children, in consideration of their family characteristic; divorced, separated, widowed parent, remarried parents, ordinary families. The results showed that self-care children tend to have a higher rate of shame-proneness and guilt-proneness compared to adult-care children. Furthermore, self-care children exhibited lower school adaptation rate than adult-care children. There was no significant difference in schoolmate relationships between the two groups. In relation to specific family structures, children from reorganized families showed no significant differences in school adaptation and self-conscious, while self-care children from ordinary families revealed low school adaptation and high self-conscious characteristics. The results of this study are critical in the effective analysis and understanding of children's adaptive and emotional behaviors arising from changes in their family structure.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.153-160
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• 2017

This study was intended to examine the influence of health consciousness on health/taste inferences, affect-based inferences, and perceived conflict between taste and health in food decision making. Seven hundred and fifty-four participants completed the survey. Structural equation modeling with a maximum likelihood method was used to test the relationships among constructs, following the two-step approach. The results of this study showed that more health-conscious consumers have a higher perceived healthfulness of food items but lower anticipated taste. In addition, this study also found consumers' cognitive responses influenced affective responses. Results suggested that when restaurants promote menu items as both healthy and tasty, consumers' positive hedonic emotions (such as pleasure) increased and negative self-conscious emotions (such as guilt) decreased, and consumers' efforts to balance health and taste were supported. At last, the implications both for academia and marketing were also established and discussed.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1-21
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• 2011

This study is designed to identify how Demographic Factors affect Fashion Orientation(value), Fashion Response, and Buying Criteria. A total of 355 usable data was collected from housewives in three metropolitan cities(Seoul, Daejeon, Sungnam) in Korea. Young housewives who have one child are a market segment whose buying power is recognized by both the retailers and the market. The housewives' fashion orientation consists of four categories : social orientation, practical orientation, political orientation, and aesthetic orientation. The housewives' fashion response is classified into three areas : self conscious, self esteem, and self monitoring. The criteria of buying children's wear consists of nine components. As a result, the key reason for buying children' wear was 'attractive design'. Research result showed that POLITICAL ORIENTATION(SE beta=.229, p<.001) was more effective than AESTHETICS ORIENTATION(SE beta=.203, p<.001), for enhancing SELF-CONSCIOUS RESPONSE and SELF-ESTEEM RESPONSE. Therefore, this study suggests that the key factor for understanding trend can be a human self concept, consciousness, values, and orientation. The housewives' fashion orientation is responsible for 18.7% of BRAND ROYALTY(F = 20.172, p<.001) from among nine buying criteria. More poignantly, POLITICAL ORIENTATION covered 66.9% of selection of BRAND ROYALTY, and it explained 34.6% of selection of DESIGN among nine buying criteria. Thus, it showed that POLITICAL ORIENTATION(SE beta=.331, p<.001) is more effective than SOCIAL ORIENTATION(SE beta=.146), for upgrading BRAND ROYALTY. In addition, it showed that POLITICAL ORIENTATION(SE beta=.238, p<.001) is more effective than AESTHETICS ORIENTATION(SE beta=.040) for upgrading DESIGN evaluation. Housewives' fashion orientation, and fashion response are differentiated by demographic factors, such as occupation, women's career, husband' job, income, and location related to social status.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between eating disorder, self-esteem and depression in college women. Method: Participants were 282 college women. Data were collected between Nov. 1st and 30th, 2003, and provide basic data on eating disorder levels in college women and basic data for health control programs. The instrument was a questionnaire consisting of 8 items on general characteristics and weight control, 24 on eating disorders, 10 on self-esteem and 10 on depression. Analysis of the data was done using numbers, percentages, means and standard deviations, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficients. SPSS WIN 10.0 was used in data analysis. Result: The greatest difference for eating disorders was between the group with normal body weight and the group with low body weight (t=-6.94, p=.000). There was a high positive correlation between Body Mass Index and eating disorder (r=.383, p<.01), between eating disorder and depression (r=.161, p<.01). There was a high negative correlation between eating disorder and self-esteem (r=-.196, p<.01), and between self-esteem and depression (r=-.537, p<.01). Conclusion: These results indicate that college women need more education and counseling on dietary concerns. Also, systematic efforts to establish a more health conscious social standard for beauty should be taken. Further empirical and experimental studies are required to investigate factors influencing attitudes towards eating held by college women and to determine variables which affect various specific dimensions of these attitudes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.239-245
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• 2023

The objective of this study was to explore how different types of rewards affect customers' inclinations to engage in environmental activities promoted through restaurant social media platforms. In addition, we investigated the potential moderating role of customer level of participation within the social media community. A total of 202 valid responses obtained by distributing a self-administered survey among restaurant patrons were subjected to hierarchical regression analysis to examine relationships between variables. The findings underscored the significant influence of economic and social rewards on shaping customer intent to participate in environmental initiatives promoted within restaurant social media communities. Furthermore, the study revealed that the extent of customer participation within the social media community moderated the relationship between rewards and their likelihood to partake in environmentally conscious behaviors. These results have meaningful implications for restaurant managers seeking to promote environmental initiatives effectively through social media platforms and within their establishments.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.45-53
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• 2014

Purpose - Goal setting is effective in any domain in which an individual or group has some control over the outcomes. It applies not only to work tasks but also to sports and health, and in various other settings. Its success depends on considering the mediators and moderators determining its efficacy and applicability. This study investigates the individual factors influencing academic goal attainability. Unlike previous studies, we focused on the effect of the relationships between individual traits (passion, tenacity, self-control) and specific motivation (vision, self-efficacy, implementation intentions) with academic goal attainability, rather than the effects of the relationship between commitment and the goal shielding mechanism with goal attainability. Research design, data, and methodology - Data collected through questionnaires were analyzed by the SPSS program. A total of 293 school students, who participated in the TOEIC program, participated in the survey. Slightly more than half were female (male: n=145 vs. female: n=148). We verified nine hypotheses through various statistical methods (reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation model for the hypothesis test, bootstrapping test for the mediation test). Results - Data was analyzed in three phases. The first phase involved measurement analysis (i.e., item purification and factor structure confirmation), involving the scales of the three variables of individual traits, three mechanism variables, and goal attainability. The second phase involved estimating the proposed structural relationships among the key constructs (see Figure 1), using the results to test H1 to H9. The final phase involved examining the mediating effects of the three variables (vision, implementation intention, and self-efficacy). The research model shows that the independent variable passion has a significant result with both the mediators-vision and self-efficacy. Further, vision and self-efficacy significantly affect goal attainability. The second variable, self-control, shows a significant effect when mediated by implementation intentions, but the direct relationship between implementation intension and goal attainability shows an insignificant result. However, when further mediated by self-efficacy, it showed a significant effect between self-efficacy and goal attainability. Similarly, the third variable, tenacity, shows an insignificant result when mediated by vision. In contrast, the mediator self-efficacy shows a positive effect between tenacity and goal attainability. Conclusions - This study shows how these individual traits, when mediated with the appropriate motivational factors, resulted significantly in the attainability of academic goals. We may identify several theoretical and practical contributions. Theoretically, we developed a step further in the research into consumer goals and related studies. Future research could examine the effects of different learning goal types and their combinations with performance goals (e.g., learning goals first, then performance goals), different types of goal framing (approach success vs. avoid failure), the relation between goals and cognition (which, by implication, entails all of cognitive psychology), goal hierarchies, and macro goal studies with organizations of different sizes. More studies on the relationship between conscious and subconscious goals would also be valuable.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.5-15
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• 2011

Research regarding corporate associations in marketing has generally been approached using the association theory. However, limited research investigates the effect of corporate associations on consumer loyalty to individual brands by examining the role of self connectedness with a corporate image. The activation of behavior-related constructs can influence individuals' behaviors without their intention or conscious awareness. A recently developed body of research suggests that self connection can play an important role in affecting subsequent behaviors. Although these effects have received considerable attention, the set of mechanisms involved in self connectedness and loyalty to individual brands is not clear. An active self account in which associative constructs can affect behavior by temporarily altering the active self-concept may lead to behavior or evaluation. If the exposure to a corporate brand can induce consumers' cognitive associations and goal-primed effects through the role of active self accounting, the connectedness between the consumer's self and the corporate brand could be developed and this connectedness could be explained by associative and connection models and the goal priming theory. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of corporate associations on loyalty to individual brands through connections between the corporate and the consumer's self. There are three main purposes of the research. First, theories regarding corporate associations will be explored. Second, theories of self-concept will be investigated and self connectedness with corporate brands will be explored. Third, the effects of the connectedness between the self and the corporation on corporate identification and loyalty to individual brands will be investigated. For the purposes of this research, the types of corporate associations are classified into corporate ability (CA) associations and corporate social responsibility (CSR) associations. Furthermore, the connectedness between the consumer's self and the corporate image are divided into two concepts: the connectedness between the individual self-concept and the corporate identity and the connectedness between social self-concept and the corporate identity. This study suggests the hypotheses that the types of consumer self connections with the corporate image could vary according to the types of corporate associations created and further that the connectedness between the corporate association and the consumer's self-concept have positive effects on loyalty to corporate individual brands. The results of testing these hypotheses are as follows. First, corporate ability associations enhance the connectedness between the consumer's individual self and corporate brands. That is, corporate ability associations influence individual connectedness between the corporate and individual self-concept positively from the viewpoint of the consumer's personal ability and branding success. In addition, corporate social responsibility associations have a positive effect on social connectedness between the corporation and the consumer's social self-concept. Second, the connectedness between the corporate brand and the consumer's self-concept affects identification with the corporation. The consumer's personal self and social self connectedness induces corporate identification. Third, individual self connectedness has a positive effect on loyalty to corporate individual brands, while social self connectedness does not. This also means that individual self connectedness with the corporate image or brand plays a more important role in forming individual brand loyalty than social self connectedness with the corporate does. In addition, social connectedness cannot influence individual brand loyalty until it passes through identification with the corporate. Fourth, consumers who experience identification with a corporate identity also show positive responses to corporate individual brands. That is, consumers also develop loyalties toward individual brands through the corporate identification because self-pursued goals that are induced by corporate associations can be achieved by consuming the individual brands that are sold by the corporate that the consumers identify with.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.249-261
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• 2010

As consumers' concern for the environment has continued to increase, many firms have actively engaged in environmental marketing to achieve their objectives. However, consumers' high concerns about the environment are not always reflected in their purchasing behavior. This indicates the need for an in-depth understanding of the development of green consumption within the individual's belief system. In consideration of psychological approaches, a large body of research has examined the factors underlying ecologically conscious "green" consumer behavior and the interrelationships of these factors. However, most previous studies have concentrated on Western countries. Using a sample of Korean consumers, this study attempts to understand the basis of Korean green consumerism and find universal values that are cross-culturally important in guiding consumers' environmental attitudes and behaviors. To this end, this study relates Schwartz's 10 universal values (Schwartz 1992) to environmental behaviors in a hierarchical model of value-attitude-behavior. With reference to the value-attitude-behavior framework, the conceptual model developed for the study explains what motivations can be manifested in Korean consumers' environmental attitudes, and subsequently how the attitudes affect their green choices. Using the pattern of relationships among values that can be related to environmentalism, the first hypothesis holds that there would be particular relationships between motivational value types and environmental attitudes. Hypothesis 2 assumes that environmental attitudes predict environmental behaviors. On the basis of the claim that favorable attitudes toward the environment may be expressed in many different behaviors, the assumption is that consumers' favorable attitudes toward the environment would be linked to a variety of environmental behaviors because people with high environmental attitudes can be more interested in and knowledgeable about environmental actions. Consistent with H2, H3 hypothesizes that there would be a positive relationship between different types of environmental behavior. A total of 564 university students participated in the study. The sample included 308 men, 254 women, and two participants who did not indicate their gender. The average age of the participants was 22.5 years, with a range of 19 to 39. Regarding majors, special efforts were made to draw the participants from different departments of the university. Data were collected by a survey administered via self-completion questionnaires., which assessed the participants' value priorities, environmental attitudes, and behaviors. Path analysis conducted to test the proposed model found the overall fit to be ${\chi}^2$=72.01 (p=0.00), GFI=0.983, CFI=0.982, NFI=0.970, RMR=0.070, and REMSEA=0.050. Thus, most of the fit measures indicated a good fit of the model with the data, and a hierarchical relationship from values to environmental attitudes to environmental non-purchasing behavior to environmental purchasing behavior was confirmed. An assessment of all the predicted paths by path coefficients led to several major hypothesized effects being confirmed. Out of the ten value types, universalism and power were significantly but conversely related to environmental attitudes. In line with the other studies, these findings confirm that environmental attitudes are an important factor in leading to a variety of green behaviors. Finally, significant relationships were found between environmental purchasing and non-purchasing behaviors. The path analysis supported the idea that universalism values provide a motivation for Korean consumers' greenness and indirectly promote environmental acts through favorable attitudes toward the environment. Participants with high environmental attitudes were found to actively engage in diverse forms of green consumer behavior. This research provides an opportunity to examine cross-cultural differences with respect to values leading to environmentalism, and, further, to verify previous findings. The study also examined the attitude-behavior relationship with respect to three distinct types of environmental behaviors. The different strengths of paths between green attitudes and behaviors suggest that researchers should consider the specificity of behavior explained as an effort to improve the low attitude-behavior correlation. Finally, the findings here illustrate that with increased environmental concerns among people, they come to include more such behaviors in their green portfolios.