• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 2001

The ratio of the elderly population is rapidly growing due to socio-economic development and better medical services. As the average life-span of the Korean elderly becomes longer, the proportion of the elderly is increasing. Therefore, the elderly need to sustain a high quality of life. However, all these factors, such as sensory loss, decreased endurance, mobility limitation, and a loss of independence, act to diminish the quality of life among the elderly. It is necessary for elders to adapt themselves to aging, to maintain their physical functions and especially, it is important to keep their independence in activity of daily living and self care. Therefore, this study was designed to identify the degree of activity in daily living and exercise of a self-care agency and to investigate the relationship between activity of daily living and self-care agency. Also, this research aimed to contribute to nursing interventions that maintain and promote quality of life of the elderly and to enable themselves to live independently. The subject of this study were 160 elders, over age 65, who were sampled in C city. Data were collected by observation and questionnaires from May,1999 to December, 1999. The measurement tools were Barthel Index(1979), Lawton & Brody(1969) for activity of daily living and Kearney & Fleischer(1979) for self-care agency. Data were analyzed by SAS PC+ package and included descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha. The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The mean of ADL and IADL was 96.09 and 16.38, respectively. The score described activity of daily living among the elders in C province as moderate. Particularly, in the items of IADL, the item of medication was the highest score. 2. The mean for exercise of self-care agency was 76.48, a moderate degree. 3. The degree of ADL and IADL according to demographic characteristics was significantly different statistically in pocket money, the presence of disease, perceived health status and in occupation, pocket money, family type, the presence of disease, and perceived health status, respectively. 4. The dagree of selt-care agency according to demographic characteristics was significantly different statistically in gender, education level, economic status, and pocket money. 5. There was a significant positive correlation between activity in daily living and self-care agency. Based on these results, further research is suggested to discover the variables influencing the activity of daily living and self-care agency to develop nursing strategies for improving self-care and activity of daily living among the elderly.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.555-566
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to identify the degree of burden and depression according to level of self-care activity and variables to which affect that in family caregivers of patients with stroke. The data were collected from October 23th to November 20th, 1995 The subjects in this study were 80 caregivers, that is, one family member and 80 patients with stroke who were hospitalized in one oriental medicine hospital in D city. The questionnaires consisted of questions regarding burden(13 items, 6 point scale), depression(20 items, 4 point scale), and self-care activity(15 items, 5 point sacle) Data were analyzed using percentages, means, t-test and ANOVA with the SAS program. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The mean score for client's self-care activity was 2.58. The highest score of the self-care activity item was 'returning'(M=3.604), and the lowest score of the self-care activity item was 'shower or tubbathing'(M=1.925). 2) the degrees of self-care activity according to the general characteristics of patients were tested. It was significantly different by sex(P<0.01), occupation(P<0.05), and relationships with patients(P<0.05). That is, the degree of self-care activity was higher in men than that of women, and caregiver with job than caregiver without that. In the case that caregiver was a patient's spouse, the degree of self-care activity was higher than other case. 3) The score for family caregiver's burden was higher than the mid level for the 13 items and caregiver's depression was relatively low. 4) According to the degree of self-care activity, the group was divided to 3, that is, A( 15-33), B(34-56), and C(57-75). The score of total burden was the highest in group A(M=55.257) and the lowest in group C(M=51.928), but there were no statistically significant differences between groups. The score of objective burden was the highest in group A(M=30.400), and the lowest in group C(M=25.214), and there were statistically significant differences between groups. The score of subjective burden was the highest in group B(M=26.000) and the lowest in group A(M=24.783), but there were no statistically significant differences between groups. The degree of depression was the highest in group A(M=44.750) and the lowest in group C(M=40.751), but there were no statistically significant differences between groups.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2003

This study provides some basic information on the improvement of diabetics' self-care activities through examining the patients' knowledge on diabetes, self-care activities, and how much they feel those activities are effective and through studying the correlation among the three factors. One hundred and fifty four patients were subjected to this study, who were treated or hospitalized in a hospital in Pusan. Researches were conducted from October 21 to November 9, 2002, and information were gathered by questionnaire and direct conversation with the patients. The data was processed through SPSS WIN 10.0 program. The Date were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The results of this study was the followings; 1) The subjects' knowledge on diabetes ranged from 6 to 23 points with a mean of 17.01 points. 2) The subjects' self-care activities ranged from 21 to 103 points with a mean of 67.72 points. That of the patients with regular treatments appeared to have the highest points (3.51) and the lowest points appeared in the measurement of sugar level in blood (2.60) 3) The subjects' feelings of effectiveness ranged from 21 to 103 points with a mean of 70.01 points. Drug therapy had the highest point (3.94) and diet showed the lowest (3.37) 4) In the general characteristics of the subjects, the more education a subject had, the more knowledge on diabetes he or she appeared to have (F=3.36, p=0.012). The self-care activities were significantly high among non-alcoholic subjects (F=4.301. p=.016). The subjects' feelings of effectiveness were higher in female patients than in male patients(t=2.132 , p=.035), and those in the ages between 51 and 60 felt more effectiveness (F=4.198. p=.003). In addition, married subjects felt more effectiveness than the unmarried (t=2.856, p=0.005), and the more education a patient had. the more effectivess he or she felt (F=2.879, p=.025). 5) In the subjects' pathological characteristic, the subjects who experienced diabetes education showed more knowledge on diabetes, more self-care activity, and more effectiveness than those without the education (t=3.193, p=.002; t=2.299, p=.023; t=2.128, p=.035). 6) As the results of the analyses of correlations among knowledge on diabetes, self-care activity, and effectiveness, the more knowledge on diabetes a patient had, the more self-care activity and the more effectiveness he or she showed (p=0.283. p=0.002; p=0.182, p=0.036). Self-care activity became higher as the feeling of effectiveness appeared higher (r=.550, p=.000). Based on the results above, several suggestions were made; 1) This study was conducted in one hospital, so it is difficult to generalize the results. It is necessary to gather more information from more patients through repeated researches. 2) The study on the other factors which can affect a patient's self-care activity is required. 3) The development of a program which improves a patient's self-care activity, knowledge on diabetes. and effectiveness is needed.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.87-101
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose this study was to investigate the relationship between self-care performance and influential factors in hemodialysis patients. Method: The subjects of this study were 102 hemodialysis outpatients who had been visiting C University Hospital in Seoul. The data were collected through the scale of self care, self efficacy family support, daily living activity and hope from the 1st to 31st of December 2004. The collected data were analysed using SPSS PC Win 10.0. Result: The average score of self-care performance of subjects was $3.2\pm0.4$ points(4points scale) and significantly different among groups according to age and duration of dialysis. Self care performance of subjects was in a significant positive correlation with family support and hope. Factors affecting self care performance of subjects were family support, duration of hemodialysis, age and daily living function, and the explanatory power of these factors was 31.4%. Conclusion: These findings indicate that is necessary to enhance family support, to develope and apply self-care education programs in consideration of duration of dialysis and age, to have hope-giving communication with patients and their families, and to provide nursing interventions for maintaining patients' daily living function in order to improve the self care performance of hemodialysis patients

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.426-435
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the predictors of cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetic patients. Method: Data were collected from November, 2003 to June, 2004 using a physiological index and questionnaires. Patients(N=159) aged 40 and above were conveniently recruited from health care centers in B city. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS WIN 10.0 program. Results: The cardiovascular risk factors were negatively related with female gender, household monthly income, educational experience about diabetes, physical activity, self-care, self-efficacy and problem oriented coping, while positively related with the duration of diabetes, diabetic family history and depression. Self-care, diabetic family history, female gender, monthly household income, self-efficacy, affective-oriented coping and physical activity predicted 41.5% of the variance in cardiovascular risk factors of diabetic patients. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, we concluded that cardiovascular risk factors of type 2 diabetic patients are related to the modifiable and non-modifiable variables. Self-care, self-efficacy, affective oriented coping, and physical activity were identified as modifiable variables. Intervention programs to increase those variables are warranted to reduce cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetic patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2005

Purpose: This study examined the relationship between level of activity of daily living (ADL) and Self-Care Agency in patients who have had a spinal cord injury. Method: The participants in the study were 78 persons who had a spinal cord injury and were between 20 and 70 years of age. The data were collected from November 1, 2003 to January 30, 2004. The instruments used in this study were the ADL Check List and Self-Care Agency Scale. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program and included numbers, percentages, t-test and ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: The total mean score for activity of daily living was $44.21{\pm}16.63$. The total mean score fur Self-Care Agency was $107.45{\pm}15.71$, There was a significant difference between scores for ADL and Self-Care Agency. Conclusion: In order to increase the level of ADL, rehabilitation nurses should ensure that these patients receive training in ADL. Also, it was identified that informational support is important, that is, nurses should help to provide these patients with Self-Care Agency training for ADL.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1203-1211
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the factor-related oral care self-efficacy among the type 2 diabetic patients. Methods : Questionnaire was conducted with 174 Type 2 diabetic patients from 9th January to 9th March in 2012. The following conclusion was obtained as a result of carrying out t-test and one-way ANOVA analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results : 1. Analysis of the level of each item concerning oral care self-efficacy showed tooth brushing self-efficacy was $13.3{\pm}2.9$, the highest of all. 2. The factor that was most highly related with oral care self-efficacy was oral health behaviors(${\beta}=0.474$). The other factors were found to be expected duration of diabetes(${\beta}=-0.205$), self-assessed physical health(${\beta}=0.177$) and oral health(${\beta}=0.111$) in such order (p<0.05). Conclusions : Diabetes causes a variety of complications in the mouth, and therefore it is very important to practice oral care activity in order to oral health promotion. This study showed oral care self-efficacy appeared to be the greatest factor of relevance in practicing oral care activity. So, dental hygienist is obliged to keep on motivating so that the patient may maintain the oral care activity for him/herself. Also, a study on various intervention methods to improve oral care self-efficacy should be continued.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the relationship between depression, self-care activity and $HbA_1c$ in clients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) clients. Method: This was a cross sectional descriptive study and data were collected between October 4 and 27, 2006 using a questionnaire. The participants were inpatients and outpatients with type-2 diabetes being seen in one of two hospitals. The questionnaire included general as well as disease related characteristics, a depression scale (CES-D), and the self-care activity scale developed by Kim (1996). $HbA_1c$ was obtained from medical records. Results: There were 50 men (41.7%) and 70 women (58.3%). The mean scores for depression and self-care activity were $18.22{\pm}10.03$ and 3.51, respectively. Almost half of the Participants (46.7%) had an $HbA_1c$ greater than 7%. Self-care activity was negatively correlated with depression (r=-.436, p=0.00) and $HbA_1c$ (r=-.269, p=0.03). Depression was positively correlated with $HbA_1c$ (r=-.325, p=0.00). Participants who had diabetes education showed a significantly lower level of $HbA_1c$ than the group who had never had diabetes education. Conclusions: It is Important to make ensure that patients with diabetes have education on diabetes mellitus and to screen and manage depression as part of the care for these patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1103-1112
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• 1999

In the last few years, psychiatric nurse practitioners have shown a growing an interest in community psychosocial rehabilitation, caring for chronic psychiatric patients as case manager in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a community psychiatric rehabilitation nursing program on self-care activity and quality of life and to suggest this program as an effective nursing intervention in a group of chronic home-based psychiatric patients in a poor town. A nonequivalent control group, pretest-posttest design was used. Of the twenty women that started the program, sixteen finished it. The data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. The program included the process of case management which consisted of four phases: the first was an active case finding and pre-test, the second was home visiting and contacted by phone. the third was group activity therapy of 12 sessions, and the fourth phase was terminal and post-test. The effects of the program were assessed by quality of life and self-care activity. The quality of life and the self-care activity, especially, area of nutrition. elimination, dressing. leisure activity, and follow-up clinic visiting showed greater improvement than those of the control group. The results of this study suggest that this program was effective in improving the quality of life of chronic home-based psychiatric patients.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.373-384
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• 2006

This study analysed the effect of mothers' work status on time use in child care and use of market child care services. There were two major questions: Do self-employed (and family worker without being paid) mothers have a flexible work schedule and so can they care her child(ren) well? If it is true, is the work status as self-employee related to non-market child care services? To answer these questions, 1,196 samples were selected from the Time Use Data of 1999, which had been administered by Korea National Statistical Office. Major results were as follows: First, a mother who is family workers without being paid made time to care children frequently more than wage earners. Second, according to regression analysis, mothers' work status was one of the important variables to explain child care activity frequency. Third, among categories of child caring ('physical caring', 'non-physical caring', and 'caring of the others'), mothers spent more frequently in 'caring of the others', and had higher probability to use market child care services. But the more frequently a mother made time in 'non-physical caring' for her child, the lower probability to choose market child care services. In conclusion, it was certain that self-employed mothers benefit from a flexible time schedule at work places. But the relationship of child care activity frequency with use of market child care services was inconsistent.