• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.360-367
• /
• 1995

The relative toxicity of abamectin was assessed to the predatory mite Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha and to dicofol-resistant and -susceptible twospotted spider mite (TSM) Tetranychus urticae Koch in the laboratory. Abamectin was much les toxic to the predator than to the spider mite. At 0.12 and 0.6 ppm, all TSM adult females of the tow strains were killed within 48 h after dipping n the solutions. The lower concentrations (0.06 and 0.012 ppm) killed more than 77% of TSM female adults of the two strains at 120 h after treatment. However, abmectin did not significantly affect the survival and mobility of A. womersleyi female adults at a concentration of 0.12 ppm but the mortality was slightly increased up to 20~23% at 0.6 and 6 ppm. Abamectin did not significantly affect hatchability of one-day old TSM eggs at 0.06~0.6 ppm. The Four-day old eggs were much more susceptible to abamectin than one-day old eggs were. Within 0.006-6 ppm, abamectin did not affect the hatchability of A. womersleyi eggs and the development of resulting immature predators. When the predator female adults were dipped in 0.6 and 0.12 ppm solution, their reproduction was not affected, but at 6 ppm it was decreased by 35%. However, the reproduction of TSM reduced significantly at concentrations between 0.006 and 0.6 ppm. The differential toxicity of abamectin between TSM and the predator could be of practical importance in managing spider mite populations in the field. Abamectin at selective sublethal concentrations (i.e., 0.012~0.06 ppm) could be of value in adjusting predator/prey ratios in integrated management of spider mites.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.43 no.6
• /
• pp.507-516
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to propose the alternative development method by means of determining the optimal project size from the economic viewpoint, improving the existing method depending on engineering aspects. To this end, this study defined the flood mitigation projects as the production activities carried out by inputs and outputs, and proposed the alternative development method on the basis of optimizing input and output combinations. This paper, as the case study of the proposed method, developed alternatives for the flood mitigation planning of Youngsan River Basin by determining the optimal project scale. As the result of determining optimal project size, the net benefit of the optimal alternative tended to be dependent on the net benefits of the large individual proposals. Due to such problem, the effect of relatively small individual proposals are underestimated and possibly be excluded from the optimal alternative, which may result in exclusion of the potential damaged regions protected by them from the flood mitigation project. Thus for the selective flood protection by region, individual proposals need to be categorized into the global measures and local measures according to the flood protection area.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.29-38
• /
• 2012

Due to the rapid development of network environment and wireless communication technology, the distribution of digital video has made easily and the importance of the protection for digital video has been increased. This paper proposes the digital video encryption system based on multiple chaos maps for MPEG-2 video encoding process. The proposed method generates secret hash key of having 128-bit characteristics from hash chain using Tent map as a basic block and generates $8{\times}8$ lattice cipher by applying this hash key to Logistic map and Henon map. The method can reduce the encryption overhead by doing selective XOR operations between $8{\times}8$ lattice cipher and some coefficient of low frequency in DCT block and it provides simple and randomness characteristic because it uses the architecture of combining chaos maps. Experimental results show that PSNR of the proposed method is less than or equal to 12 dB with respect to encrypted video, the time change ratio, compression ratio of the proposed method are 2%, 0.4%, respectively so that it provides good performance in visual security and can be applied in real time.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.73-86
• /
• 1999

The ion-exchange method for the purification of primary coolant has been used broadly in PWR(pressurized water reactor)-type nuclear power plants due to its high decontamination efficiency, simple system, and easy operation. However, its non-selective removal of metal and non-radionuclides shortens its life, resulting in the generation of a large amount of waste ion-exchange resin. In this study, the feasibility of electrodeionization (EDI) was investigated for the purification of primary cooling water using synthetic solutions under various experimental conditions as an alternative method for the ion exchange. The results shows that as the feed flow-rate increased, the removal efficiency increased and the power consumption decreased. The removal rate was observed as a 1000 decontamination factor(DF) at a nearly constant level. For the synthetic solution of 3 ppm TDS (Total Dissolved Solid), the power consumption was 40.3 mWh/L at 2.0 L/min of feed flow rate. The higher removal rate of metal species and lower power consumption were obtained with greater resin volume per diluting compartment. However, the flow rate of the EDI process decreased with the elapsed time because of the hydrodynamic resistivity of resin itself and resin fouling by suspended solids. Thus, the ion-exchange resin was replaced by an ion-conducting spacer in order to overcome the drawback. The system equipped with the ion-conducting spacer resolved the problem of the decreasing flow rate but showed a lower efficiency in terms of the power consumption, the removal rate of metal species and current efficiency. In the repeated batch operation, it was found that the removal efficiency of metal species was stably maintained at DF 1000.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.549-558
• /
• 1998

O-Antigenic part of Campylobacter jejuni gram negative bacteria was reported to consist of a repeated trisaccharide unit. The disaccharides, GlcNAc-Gal derivatives, as key intermediates for the synthesis of trisaccharide repeating units were synthesized. At the $\beta(1{\to}3)$ glycoside bond formation step between 3,4,6-tri-O-acctyl-2-deoxy-2-N-phthalimido-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl bromide and galactosyl acceptors, high regioselectivities between 2, 3, and 4-OH groups of galactosyl acceptors were found. As a result, no further selective protection steps for OH groups of galactosyl acceptors was necessary, and more effective and compact synthetic scheme was achieved.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.65-77
• /
• 2005

Present article reviews about clinical pharmacology of mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active form of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), as widely used component of immunosuppressive regimens in the organ transplantation field. MMF, used alone or concomitantly with cyclosporine or tacrolimus, has approved in reducing the incidence of acute rejection and has gained widespread use in solid organ such as kidney, heart and liver transplantation. The application of MPA and development of MMF has shown a considerable impact on immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation as a new immunosuppressive agent with different mechanism of action from other drugs after early 1990s. In particular aspect, use of MMF, a morpholinoethyl ester of MPA, represented a significant advance in the prevention of organ allograft rejection as well as allograft and patient survival. In considering MMF clinical data, it is important to note that there is a strong correlation between high MPA area under curve(AUC) values and a low probability of acute allograft rejection. Individual trials have shown that MMF is generally well tolerated and revealed that MMF decreased the relative risk of developing chronic allograft rejection compared with azathioprine. Recent clinical investigations suggested that improved effectiveness and tolerability will results from the incorporation of MPA therapeutic drug monitoring into routine clinical practice, providing effective MMF dose individualization in renal and heart transplant patients. Therefore, MMF has a selective immunosuppressive effect with minimal toxicity and has shown to be more effective that other agents as next step of immunosuppressive agents and regimens that deliver effective graft protection and immunosuppression along with a more favorable side effect.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.27 no.11
• /
• pp.907-913
• /
• 1994

From October 1990 to May 1993, 19 patients underwent replacement of the transverse aortic arch. [10 men, 9 women, mean age 52.5 years] Underlying diseases were acute aortic dissection [10 cases], chronic aortic dissection [4 cases],and aortic arch aneurysm [ 5 cases]. In 19 patients, 10 underwent partial replacement and 9 underwent total arch replacement. The cerebral protection was achieved by profound hypothermia [rectal temperature,16$^{\circ}$ to 2$0^{\circ}C$] associated with total circulatory arrest [mean 35.5 minutes]. In one patient, the aortic arch distal to the left common carotid artery was resected with the distal arch being cross-clamped and in another two patients, the selective cerebral perfusion was also applied during the period of total circulatory arrest via innominate artery and left common carotid artery because of longer total circulatory arrest time. Among 14 patients of aortic dissecton, 10 presented hypertension, 1 presented Marfan syndrome, 1 presented pregnancy-induced hypertension and 2 revealed no evidence of hypertension. All of the above 14 patients complained chest pain. Among 5 patients of aortic arch aneurysm, Be het disease was suspected in only one patient and atherosclerotic aneurysm was proved in another 4 patients. The overall hospital mortality was 32% [6/19]. In aortic dissection, the mortality was 43% [Acute aortic dissection 30%, chronic aortic dissection 75%] and in aortic arch aneurysm, the mortality was 0%. Follow-up was done in all survivors for from 7 months to 36 months[mean,17.3%].

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.101-111
• /
• 2008

The fungal genus Alternaria is comprised of many saprophytic and endophytic species, but is most well known as containing many notoriously destructive plant pathogens. There are over 4,000 Alternaria/host associations recorded in the USDA Fungal Host Index ranking the genus 10th among nearly 2,000 fungal genera based on the total number of host records. While few Alternaria species appear to have a sexual stage to their life cycles, the majority lack sexuality altogether. Many pathogenic species of Alternaria are prolific toxin producers, which facilitates their necrotrophic lifestyle. Necrotrophs must kill host cells prior to colonization, and thus these toxins are secreted to facilitate host cell death often by triggering genetically programmed apoptotic pathways or by directly causing cell damage resulting in necrosis. While many species of Alternaria produce toxins with rather broad host ranges, a closely-related group of agronomically important Alternaria species produce selective toxins with a very narrow range often to the cultivar level. Genes that code for and direct the biosynthesis of these host-specific toxins for the Alternaria alternata sensu lato lineages are often contained on small, mostly conditionally dispensable, chromosomes. Besides the role of toxins in Alternaria pathogenesis, relatively few genes and/or gene products have been identified that contribute to or are required for pathogenicity. Recently, the completion of the A. brassicicola genome sequencing project has facilitated the examination of a substantial subset of genes for their role in pathogenicity. In this review, we will highlight the role of toxins in Alternaria pathogenesis and the use of A. brassicicola as a model representative for basic virulence studies for the genus as a whole. The current status of these research efforts will be discussed.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.101-105
• /
• 2005

[ ${\beta}ig-h3$ ] is a secretory protein that is induced by $TGF-{\beta}$ and implicated in various disease conditions including fibrosis. We have previously reported that ${\beta}ig-h3$ expression is implicated in astrocyte response to brain injury. In this study, we further investigated potential roles of ${\beta}ig-h3$ protein in the injured central nervous system (CNS). We specifically assessed whether the treatment of microglial cells with ${\beta}ig-h3$ can regulate microglial activity. Microglial cells are the prime effector cells in CNS immune and inflammatory responses. When activated, they produce a number of inflammatory mediators, which can promote neuronal injury. We prepared conditioned medium from the stable CHO cell line transfected with human ${\beta}ig-h3$ cDNA. We then examined the effects of the conditioned medium on the LPS- or $IFN-{\gamma}-mediated$ induction of proinflammatory molecules in microglial cells. Preincubation with the conditioned medium significantly attenuated LPS-mediated upregulation of $TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression in BV2 murine microglial cells. It also reduced $IFN-{\gamma}-mediated$ upregulation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and COX-2 mRNA expression but not iNOS mRNA expression. Assays of nitric oxide release correlated with the mRNA data, which showed selective inhibition of LPS-mediated nitric oxide production. Although the regulatory mechanisms need to be further investigated, these results suggest that astrocyte-derived ${\beta}ig-h3$ may contribute to protection of the CNS from immune-mediated damage via controlling microglial inflammatory responses.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.79-88
• /
• 2013

This study creates the evaluation criteria to analyze the $CO_2$ emission quantity in the complex of apartment house among domestic buildings and proposes how to calculate the $CO_2$ emission quantity by the only simple information of apartment house. The study shows that in order to create the index of carbon emission evaluation criteria, $CO_2$ emission quantity for its input materials in these 27 apartment houses are 445,412g-$CO_2/m^2$ for apartment building, 474,322g-$CO_2/m^2$ for the basement parking lot, 483,523g-$CO_2/m^2$ for welfare facility, 729,957g-$CO_2/m^2$ for sales facility, 743,560g-$CO_2/m^2$ for other facility, 26,782g-$CO_2/m^2$ for public facility, 43,659g-$CO_2/m^2$ for landscape, 1,113g-$CO_2/m^2$ for indoor facility, 11,251g-$CO_2/m^2$ for outdoor facility and 891g-$CO_2/m^2$ for common temporary based on the average $CO_2$ emission by facility. We can also see the analysis data that in case of using the selected factors only, the rate of error is 7.51% comparing with the emission quantity by using simplified LCA method this study suggests for the whole range of apartment houses and the rate of error is average 3.24% using selective and main materials. And this it is evaluated that we can get the result which is similar to the actual $CO_2$ emission quantity with only the simple information about the apartment house.