• Journal of Science Education
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.256-271
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• 2018

The study aimed to investigate how the science gifted connect and integrate science concepts in the process of problem finding. Research subject was sampled from 228 applicants for a science gifted education center affiliated with a university in 2015. A creative problem solving test (CPST) in science, which administered as an admission process, was utilized as a reference to sample two groups. Sixty-seven students from top 30% in test scores were selected for the upper group and 64 students from bottom 30% in test scores were selected for the lower group. The CPST, which was developed by researchers, included one item about how to connect two science concepts among eight science concepts, sound, electricity, weight, temperature, respiration, photosynthesis, weather, and earthquake extracted from elementary science curriculum. As results, there were differences in choosing two concepts among four science major areas. The ways of connecting science concepts were characterized by three categories, relation-based, similarity-based, and dissimilarity-based. In addition, relation-based was characterized by attributes, means, influences, predictions, and causes; similarity-based was by attributes, objects, scientific principles, and phenomena, and dissimilarity-based was by parallel, resource, and deletion. There were significant (p<.000) differences in ways of connecting science concepts between the upper and the lower groups. The upper group students preferred connecting science concepts of inter-science subjects while the lower group students preferred connecting science concepts of intra-science subject. The upper group students showed a tendency to connect the science concepts based on similarity. In contrast, the lower group students frequently showed ways of connecting the science concepts based on dissimilarity. In particular, they simply parallelled science concepts.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.101-124
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• 2009

According to Wikipedia, virtual reality (VR) is defined as a technology that allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment. Due to a rapid growth in information technology (IT), the cost of virtual reality has been decreasing while the utility of virtual reality advertisements has dramatically increased. Nevertheless, only a few studies have investigated the effects of virtual reality advertisement on consumer behaviors. Therefore, the objective of this study is to empirically examine the effects of virtual reality advertisement. Compared to traditional online advertisements, virtual reality advertisement enables consumers to experience products realistically over the Internet by providing high media richness, interactivity, and telepresence (Suh and Lee, 2005). Advertisements with high media richness facilitate consumers' understanding of advertised products by providing them with a large amount and a high variety of information on the products. Interactivity also provides consumers with a high level of control over the computer-simulated environment in terms of their abilities to adjust the information according to their individual interests and concerns and to be active rather than passive in their engagement with the information (Pimentel and Teixera, 1994). Through high media richness and interactivity, virtual reality advertisements can generate compelling feelings of "telepresence" (Suh and Lee, 2005). Telepresence is a sense of being there in an environment by means of a communication medium (Steuer, 1992). Virtual reality advertisements enable consumers to create a perceptual illusion of being present and highly engaged in a simulated environment, while they are in reality physically present in another place (Biocca, 1997). Based on the characteristics of virtual reality advertisements, a research model has been proposed to explain consumer responses to the virtual reality advertisements. The proposed model includes two dimensions of consumer responses. One dimension is consumers' rational response, which is based on the Information Processing Theory. Based on the Information Processing Theory, product knowledge and perceived risk are selected as antecedents of intention to purchase. The other dimension is emotional response of consumers, which is based on the Attitude-Structure Theory. Based on the Attitude-Structure Theory, arousal, flow, and positive affect are selected as antecedents of intention to purchase. Because it has been criticized to have investigated only one of the two dimensions of consumer response in prior studies, our research model has been built so as to incorporate both dimensions. Based on the Attitude-Structure Theory, we hypothesized the path of consumers' emotional responses to a virtual reality advertisement: (H1) Arousal by the virtual reality advertisement increases flow; (H2) Flow increases positive affect; and (H3) Positive affect increases intension to purchase. In addition, we hypothesized the path of consumers' rational responses to the virtual reality advertisement based on the Information Processing Theory: (H4) Increased product knowledge through the virtual reality advertisement decreases perceived risk; and (H5) Perceived risk decreases intension to purchase. Based on literature of flow, we additionally hypothesized the relationship between flow and product knowledge: (H6) Flow increases product knowledge. To test the hypotheses, we conducted a free simulation experiment [Fromkin and Streufert, 1976] with 300 people. Subjects were asked to use the virtual reality advertisement of a cellular phone on the Internet and then answer questions about the variables. To check whether subjects fully experienced the virtual reality advertisement, they were asked to answer a quiz about the virtual reality advertisement itself. Responses of 26 subjects were dropped because of their incomplete answers. Responses of 274 subjects were used to test the hypotheses. It was found that all of six hypotheses are accepted. In addition, we found that consumers' emotional response has stronger impact on their intention to purchase than their rational response does. This study sheds much light into practical implications for both IS researchers and managers. First of all, while most of previous research has analyzed only one of the customers' rational and emotional responses, we theoretically incorporated and empirically examined both of the two sides. Second, we empirically showed that mediators such as arousal, flow, positive affect, product knowledge, and perceived risk play an important role between virtual reality advertisement and customer's intention to purchase. In addition, the findings of this study can provide a basis of practical strategies for managers. It was found that consumers' emotional response is stronger than their rational response. This result indicates that advertisements using virtual reality should focus on the emotional side, and that virtual reality can be served as an appropriate advertisement tool for fancy products that require their online advertisements to give an impetus to customers' emotion. Finally, even if this study examined the effects of virtual reality advertisement of cellular phone, its findings could be applied to other products that are suited for virtual experience. However, this research has some limitations. We were unable to control different kinds of consumers and different attributes of products on consumers' intention to purchase. It is, therefore, deemed important for future research to control the consumer and product types for more reliable results. In addition to the consumer and product attributes, other variables could affect consumers' intention to purchase. Thus, the future research needs to find ways t control other variables.

• Journal of vocational education research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.23-49
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• 2011

Faculty performance evaluation system has been settled down as an uncomfortable but unavoidable system, and it is one of the most important factors to grow the college competitiveness up. In this study, we selected and surveyed faculty evaluation models of several universities and colleges in Korea, and analyzed by comparing each evaluation areas of educational achievement, college-industry collaboration, research, and service. We also identified the properties of the current faculty evaluation models of the junior colleges, and derived several problems from these models such as an imitation of four-year university model, a disorders of job evaluation with respect to the attributes of classified jobs, a large variation of individual item weights, and an insufficient reflection of major characteristics. Based on these surveys and analysis, an improved faculty evaluation model for the junior college is proposed in this study. This model proposed four basic areas-educational achievement, college-industry collaboration, research, and service by considering the importance of the college-industry collaboration in the junior college-as well as the team evaluation area. Weights of the SCI-class paper was selected as a criterion for the arrangement of objective comparison of each evaluation items. We showed the integration method of several different evaluation model with respect to the attributes of classified jobs of each faculties, and evaluation plan of variational characteristics according to the majors of individuals in this model. Finally, we introduced an area fail and rating system to operate efficiently the proposed faculty evaluation model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.63-77
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• 2015

Improve the rural views of the Government and the municipalities with the intention of rural landscape planning. However, rural scenery evaluation of landscape types and element categories, landscape scenes, such as the valuation of resources selected, form a coherent system and ecological point of view is not only a Visual perspective of evaluation, or evaluation is made. This study evaluates the rural landscape through the rural landscape for rurality is implemented can explain the image. Rural amenity 100 represented the rural landscape in rurality with photos of photos, and scenes, photos, location-based rural Vista rurality landscapes drawn components. Selected landscape photography scenic landscapes in the u.s. survey and image vocabularies through surveys is representative of the landscape in rurality of each Vista location-specific photos and images began extracted factors. As a result, the Distant view is a town and village in the rolling hills of the surrounding environment is an image behind the Vista Skyline, Farmland Rural village forests, Behind the hills, Individual housing roof, Housing arrangement, The number of household includes landscape components. Factor analysis 'openness', 'intimacy', 'activity', 'complexity', 'safety' was down to five factors, such as a description of the overall factors that force was 66.45 percent. Middle distance view is close to being out of town houses and village environment, an image in the skyline hills Vista, farmlands, village forests, rolling hills, behind the scenes of the housing component of the neck, the sperm will honor an individual factor analysis results are 'intimacy', 'safety', 'openness', 'specificity', 'complexity' five factors the whole description of the capacity factors compared to 67.24 percent. Close-range view is mainly in Vista village embraced the individual elements and an image of a harmonious location in the surroundings of the sperm, individual houses, fences, gates, courtyard, Garden, garage, agricultural facilities, including, but not limited to, factors assay but an 'intimacy', 'complexity', 'safety', 'activity', 'openness' five factors, such as a description of the overall factors that force was 65.29%. This research seeks to determine the extent to which rurality of rural landscape Vista by location attributes and elements and representative officer in photo selection and rurality to extract the image. To date, followed by a comprehensive study, which was presented through the readjustment could not overlook the Visual elements. The future rural development officer for the evaluation of rural landscape classification and quantitative and objective assessment will have to come up with ways to do.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 2010

The yeast strains used for fermentation are known to influence the qualities of wine. We investigated the effects of fermentation using different yeast strains on the properties of wine produced from 'Hayward' kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). The physicochemical characteristics of wine produced using various yeast strains for fermentation were also analyzed. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gervin No.5 strain (GVN), S. bayanus Lavin strain EC1118 (EC1118), and S. cerevisiae Red star Davis No. 796 (No.796) are commercial dry yeast strains selected for optimization of fermentation. Although the soluble solid contents of samples fermented by all three yeast strains decreased by a similar extent, the levels of alcohol production differed, particularly during the first week of fermentation. Use of the GVN strain resulted in the highest alcohol concentration (13.8%, v/v), whereas fermentation with No.796 and EC1118 strains yielded alcohol contents of 13.0% and 12.5% (both v/v), respectively. Upon sensory evaluation, GVN-fermented wine had a strong taste and bitterness, with high acid and alcohol contents. Wine fermented using No.796 had a chemical profile similar to that of GVN-fermented product, but the taste remained sweet, consistent with the lower alcohol content. EC1118-fermented wine was soft and sweet in taste, high in flavor, and had a low alcohol content. Total phenolic levels and antioxidant activities in wine fermented by EC1118 were significantly higher than in wines prepared using No.796 or GVN. When previously described characteristics were additionally considered, EC1118 was selected as an optimum strain for further study. In conclusion, fermentation of kiwifruit using different yeast strains yielded wines with distinct characteristics. The yeast strain EC1118 had the most desirable properties, and is considered suitable for kiwifruit fermentation. Valuable attributes of wine fermented by this yeast include overall sensory acceptance, an appropriate level of total phenolics, and good antioxidant activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2000

Evaluation method of soil fertility by combination of soil color characteristics and survey data from soil map as well as chemical properties was investigated on total 35 field and pot experiments. Total 35 tobacco fields including 11 fields located at Cheonweon county in Chungnam Province, 9 fields located at Goesan county in Chungbuk Province, and 15 fields located at Youngcheon county in Kyongbuk Province were selected in 1984 to cover the wide range of distribution in landscape and soil attributes. Yields of tobacco grown on the plots of both the pot and field experiment which were not applied with any fertilizer were considered as basic fertility of the soil (BFS). The BFS was estimated by 32 independent variables including 15 chemical properties, 3 color characteristics, and 14 soil survey data from soil map. Twenty-four independent variables containing 16 quantitative variables selected from 24 quantitative variables by collinearity diagnostics and 8 qualitative variables, were classified and analyzed by multiple linear regression (MLR) of REG and GLM models of SAS. Tobacco yield of field experiment showed high variations by eight times in difference between minimum and maximum yield indicating the diverse soil fertility among the experimental fields. Evaluation for the BFS by the MLR including quantitative variables was still more confidential than that by a single index and that showed more improvement of coefficient of determination ($R^2$) in pot experiment than in field experiment. Evaluation for the BFS by MLR in field experiment was still improved by adding qualitative variables as well as quantitative variables. The variability in the BFS of field experiment was explained 43.2% by quantitative variables and 67.95% by adding both the quantitative and qualitative variables compared with 21.7% by simple regression with NO$_3$-N content in soil. The regression evaluation for the best evaluation of the BFS of field experiment by MLR included NO$_3$-N content, L value, and a value of soil color as quantitative variables and available soil depth and topography as qualitative variables. Consequently, it is assumed that this approach by the MLR including both the quantitative and qualitative variables was available as an evaluation model of soil fertility for tobacco field.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1999

Noticing the intrinsic growing habit variations of hardwood species which is indigenous to the natural deciduous forest, eighteen tree species in overstory were selected for comparative evaluating tree form so as to develop the tree form index (TFI). Selected six tree form attributes were arbitrarily divided four assessment criteria and given appropriate scores. Eighteen tree species were undergone corresponding scores, converted to percentage base, and estimated TFI by the summation of the six scoring values. Cluster analysis was carried out to review which attribute would have been shared among species based on dissimilarity of scores for each pair of species in $18{\times}6$ data matrix. The result showed that Populus davidiana had the highest TFI value of 80.8 and Carpinus cordata had the lowest TFI va1ue of 46.3. The species which received more than 70 of TFI are Populus davidiana, Betula costata, Fraxinus mandshurica, and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, characterized by the advantage of straight and longer bole, the narrower crown, and the thinner branch. On the contrary, such species as Sorbus alnifolia. Prunus sargentii, Acer mandshuricum, Juglans mandshurica, and Carpinus cordata received less than 60 of TFI, characterized by the disadvantage of the crooked or forked stem. the wider or deeper crown. and the thicker branch. In the dendrogram produced by cluster analysis, arbitrary value of Euclidean distance 10 divided eighteen species into four distinctive groups. and the typical characteristics of each group were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.5
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• pp.650-662
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• 2001

The growth and yield models for five different kinds of natural forest types were systemically developed in the natural Broadleaved-Korean pine Forests in Northeast China. The data were collected from 359 temporary plots and 58 permanent plots with area ranged from 0.06 ha to 1.0 ha, ranging in stand age from 43 to 364 years. The Site Class Index (SCI) was introduced to evaluate site quality and the Crown Competition Factor (CCF) was selected as a measure of stand density for the mixed natural forest. The Chapman-Richards function was adopted to develop SCI equation and height-diameter curve. The Schumacher growth function was selected as base model to develop the DBH, basal area, and stand volume growth models by using re-parameterized method. In modeling mean DBH and basal area growth, it was found that the asymptotic parameter A of Schumacher function was exponentially related to site quality (SCI) and stand density (CCF). The rate parameter k was related to stand density and it was independent of SCI. Several validation measures for predicted stand variables were evaluated in the growth and yield models using independent data sets. The results indicated that relative mean errors (RME) in predicted stand attributes were less than ${\pm}5%$ and the estimated precision values of the stand variables were all greater than 95%.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.294-308
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to look into the service quality of websites and the attributes of review information thereon as perceived by visitors thereto and to analyze the effect that the service quality of festival websites and informative usefulness of testimonials would have on the satisfaction with use, along with the effect that the satisfaction with use would have on behavioral intention. Based on the results of this study, we intended to present measures that could help strengthen the intention to spread positive word-of-mouth for festivals and to visit a festival through satisfaction with a festival's website. The festival selected to achieve the objectives of this study was the Yeongdeok Snow Crab Festival, which is one of the most renowned local food festivals in the Gyeongbuk region, having been held for 17 consecutive years, and has been selected as the top festival of Gyeongsangbuk-do for 4 consecutive years. We surveyed visitors to Yeongdeok Snow Crab Festival who had searched for information on the Yeongdeok Snow Crab Festival prior to its opening, as well as those who had participated in Yeongdeok Snow Crab Festival before. The results of this study showed that review information on a food festival website, service quality design, adequacy of substance, responsiveness to customers, and system capability were found to have a positive effect on behavioral intention through satisfaction with use. The findings suggest that it is crucial to manage the service quality of websites in order to stimulate interest in, and induce visits to, food festivals.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.59-66
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• 2016

This paper presents an empirical evaluation on dimensionality reduction strategies by which dissimilarity-based classifications (DBC) can be implemented efficiently. In DBC, classification is not based on feature measurements of individual objects (a set of attributes), but rather on a suitable dissimilarity measure among the individual objects (pair-wise object comparisons). One problem of DBC is the high dimensionality of the dissimilarity space when a lots of objects are treated. To address this issue, two kinds of solutions have been proposed in the literature: prototype selection (PS)-based methods and dimension reduction (DR)-based methods. In this paper, instead of utilizing the PS-based or DR-based methods, a way of performing DBC in Eigen spaces (ES) is considered and empirically compared. In ES-based DBC, classifications are performed as follows: first, a set of principal eigenvectors is extracted from the training data set using a principal component analysis; second, an Eigen space is expanded using a subset of the extracted and selected Eigen vectors; third, after measuring distances among the projected objects in the Eigen space using $l_p$-norms as the dissimilarity, classification is performed. The experimental results, which are obtained using the nearest neighbor rule with artificial and real-life benchmark data sets, demonstrate that when the dimensionality of the Eigen spaces has been selected appropriately, compared to the PS-based and DR-based methods, the performance of the ES-based DBC can be improved in terms of the classification accuracy.