• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.599-611
• /
• 2017

This paper improves seismic fragility of a typical steel-concrete composite bridge with the deck-to-pier connection joint configuration at the concrete crossbeam (CCB). Based on the quasi-static test on a typical steel-concrete composite bridge model under the SEQBRI project, the damage states for both of the critical components, the CCB and the pier, are identified. The finite element model is developed, and calibrated using the experimental data to model the damage states of the CCB and the bridge pier as observed from the experiment of the test specimen. Then the component fragility curves for both of the CCB and the pier are derived and combined to develop the system fragility curves of the bridge. The uncertainty associated with the mean system fragility has been discussed and quantified. The study reveals that the CCB is more vulnerable than the pier for certain damage states and the typical steel-concrete composite bridge with CCB exhibits desirable seismic performance.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.77-86
• /
• 2004

본 연구에서는 교량의 내진보강방안을 합리적으로 결정하기 위하여 기존교량 및 보강된 교량의 지진하중에 대한 손상가능성을 이용하여 보강에 따른 내진성능 향상효과를 분석하였다. 교량의 내진보강에 따른 효과는 기존교량 및 보강된 교량에 대해 평가된 보강우선순위의 변화를 통하여 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 선행적으로 교량의 사용수명동안에 발생가능한 지진하중에 의한 지진취약부위의 손상확률과 손상으로 인해 예상되는 총 손실비용에 근거한 지진취약부위별 가중치를 이용하여 교량별 내진보강 우선순위를 결정할 수 있는 평가기법을 제안하였다. 제안된 평가기법의 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 다른 형식을 갖는 4개의 PSC 거더교를 대상으로 내진보강 우선순위를 평가하였다. 또한 각 지진취약부위별로 내진 보강된 교량에 대해 재평가된 순위지수를 기존교량에 대해 평가된 결과와 비교함으로써 각 교량별로 적용된 보강기법의 적합성을 검토하였다. 기존교량 및 보강된 교량에 대한 모의분석결과로부터 적용된 보강방안에 따라 해당취약부위의 손상가능성은 상당히 감소될 수 있으나 반면에 인접한 지진취약부위의 손상가능성은 증가되는 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 기존교량에 대한 합리적인 보강방안을 결정하기 위해서는 내진보강에 따른 교량의 전체적인 거동특성변화에 따른 보강효과분석이 필수적으로 요구되며, 이는 본 연구에서 제안한 내진보강 우선순위 평가기법에 따라 기존교량 및 보강된 교량의 보강우선순위를 평가, 비교함으로써 효과적으로 수행될 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.149-158
• /
• 2024

Piloti-type structures with vertical irregularity are vulnerable to earthquakes due to the soft structure of the first story. Structural characteristics of buildings can significantly affect the seismic loss function, calculated based on seismic fragility, and therefore need to be considered. This study investigated the effects of the number of stories and core locations on the seismic loss function of piloti-type buildings in Korea. Twelve analytical models were developed considering two variations: three stories (4-story, 5-story, and 6-story) and four core locations (center core, x-eccentric core, y-eccentric core, and xy-eccentric core). The interstory drift ratio and peak floor acceleration were assessed through incremental dynamic analysis using 44 earthquake records, and seismic fragility was derived. Seismic loss functions were calculated and compared using the derived seismic fragility and repair cost ratio of each component. The results indicate that the seismic loss function increases with more stories and when the core is eccentrically located in the piloti-type structure model. Therefore, the uncertainty due to the number of stories and core location should be considered when deriving the seismic loss function of piloti-type structures.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.55-65
• /
• 2017

Earthquake resilience of substations is essential for reliable and sustainable service of electrical grids. The majority of substation equipment consists of cylindrical porcelain components, which are vulnerable to earthquake shakings due to the brittleness of porcelain material. Failure of porcelain equipment has been repeatedly observed in recent earthquakes. Hence, proper seismic modelling of porcelain equipment is important for various limit state checks in both product manufacturing stage and detailed substation design stage. Sheds on porcelain core and cemented joint between porcelain component and metal cap have significant effects on the dynamic properties of the equipment, however, such effects have not been adequately parameterized in existing design guidelines. This paper addresses this critical issue by developing a method for taking these two effects into account in seismic modelling based on numerical and analytical approaches. Equations for estimating the effects of sheds and cemented joint on flexural stiffness are derived, respectively, by regression analyses based on the results of 12 pieces of full-scale equipment in 500kV class or higher. The proposed modelling technique has further been validated by shaking table tests.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제54권8호
• /
• pp.2974-2988
• /
• 2022

Implementation of component isolation in nuclear industry is challenging due to gaps in research and the lack of specific guidelines. In this study, parameters affecting component-level isolation of advanced reactor vessels are identified based on a representative numerical model with explicit consideration of nonlinear soil-structure interaction (SSI). The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of, and to identify potential limitations of using conventional friction pendulum bearings to seismically isolate vessels. It is found that slender vessels or components are particularly vulnerable to rotational accelerations at the isolation interface, which are caused by rotation of the sub-structure and by excitation of higher modes in the horizontal direction of the seismically isolated system. Component isolation is found to be more effective for relatively stiffer vessels and at sites with stiff soil. Considering that conventional isolators are deficient in resisting axial tension, it is observed that the optimum location for supporting a component to achieve seismic isolation, is at a cross-sectional plane passing through the center of mass of the vessel. These findings are corroborated by numerous simulations of the response of seismically isolated reactor vessels at different nuclear power plant sites subject to a variety of ground motions.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.91-99
• /
• 2024

배관시스템은 다양한 산업 분야에서 이용되는 중요한 설비이며 생활 및 안전과 관련된 영역에서 사용되고 있다. 배관시스템은 건축물 및 시설의 주요 구조부에 고정되어 있으나 외부 하중을 지지하지 않으며 주어진 고유기능을 수행하는 비구조요소이다. 지진하중으로 인한 배관시스템은 두 지지점 사이의 서로 다른 거동으로 발생하는 위상차로 인한 상대 변위의 영향을 받으며 변위 지배적인 반복거동 때문에 손상이 발생할 가능성이 있다. 배관시스템에서 피팅과 조인트는 지진하중에 취약한 대표적인 요소이다. 배관시스템의 피팅과 조인트에 대한 내진성능과 한계상태를 평가하고자 한다면 상대변위를 모사하기 위한 높은 스트로크를 가지는 엑츄에이터가 필요하나 실험을 수행할 수 있는 설비가 많지 않아 어려움이 있다. 따라서 피팅과 조인트로 연결된 배관시스템의 내진성능과 한계상태를 평가하기 위해서는 요소 단위의 실험이 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 수직배관시스템에서 지진하중에 취약한 요소인 피팅과 조인트를 포함하는 엘보 시험체에 대하여 내진성능을 평가하는 방법을 제시하였다. 엘보 시험체는 90° 배관 엘보의 양단에 직관부를 유동식 그루브 조인트를 이용하여 연결하였다. 엘보 시험체에 대하여 변형각에 기반을 둔 주기하중 프로토콜을 이용하여 내진성능을 평가하였다. 평가된 내진성능에 대한 여유도를 확인하기 위하여 일정한 진폭에 대한 주기하중을 적용하여 한계상태를 평가하였다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.305-314
• /
• 2021

The Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes caused damages to many cultural properties; particularly, stone pagoda structures were significantly damaged among masonry cultural properties. To preserve these structures, it is necessary to understand their dynamic behavior characteristics under earthquakes. Analyses on such areas as deformation, frequency, maximum acceleration, permanent displacement, sliding, and rocking have to be performed. Although many analytical studies have already been conducted, dynamic behavior studies based on experiments are insufficient. Therefore, this study analyzed dynamic behavior characteristics by performing a shaking table experiment on a three-story stone pagoda structure at the Cheollongsa temple site damaged by the Gyeongju earthquake. As a result of the experiment, the displacements of stylobates did not occur significantly, but the tower body parts rotated. In particular, the rotation of the 1F main body stone was relatively larger than that of the other chief body stones because the 1F main body stone is relatively more slender than the other parts. In addition, the decorative top was identified as the component most vulnerable to sliding. This study found that the 1F main body stone is vulnerable to rocking, and the parts located on the upper part are more vulnerable to sliding.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.873-889
• /
• 2015

In civil engineering, probabilistic seismic risk assessment is used to predict the economic damage to a lifeline system of possible future earthquakes. The results are used to plan mitigation measures and to strengthen the structures where necessary. Instead, after an earthquake public authorities need mathematical models that compute: the damage caused by the earthquake to the individual vulnerable components and links, and the global behavior of the lifeline system. In this study, a framework that was developed and used for prediction purpose is modified to assess the consequences of an earthquake in quasi real-time after such earthquake happened. This is possible because nowadays entire seismic regions are instrumented with tight networks of strong motion stations, which provide and broadcast accurate intensity measure maps of the event to the public within minutes. The framework uses the broadcasted map and calculates the damage to the lifeline system and its component in quasi real-time. The results give the authorities the most likely status of the system. This helps emergency personnel to deal with the damage and to prioritize visual inspections and repairs. A highway transportation network is used as a test bed but any lifeline system can be analyzed.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.383-400
• /
• 2024

For a conventionally repaired frame-supported-transfer-slab (FSTS) reinforced concrete (RC) structure, both the transfer slab and the beam-to-column and transfer slab-to-column joints remain vulnerable to secondary earthquakes. Aimed at improving the seismic performance of a damaged FSTS RC structure, an innovative retrofitting scheme is proposed, which adopts the sector lead rubber dampers (SLRDs) at joints after the damaged FSTS RC structure is repaired by conventional approaches. In this paper, a series of quasi-static cyclic tests was conducted on a large-scale retrofitted FSTS RC structure. The seismic performance was evaluated and the key test results, including deformation characteristics, damage pattern, hysteretic behaviour, bearing capacity and strains on key components, were reported in detail. The test results indicated that the SLRDs started to dissipate energy under the service level earthquake, and thus prevented damages on the beam-to-column and transfer slab-to-column joints during the secondary earthquakes and shifted the plastic hinges away from the beam ends. The retrofitting scheme of using SLRDs also achieved the seismic design concept of 'strong joint, weak component'. The FSTS RC structure retrofitted by the SLRDs could recover more than 85% bearing capacity of its undamaged counterpart. The hysteresis curves were featured by the inverse "S" shape, indicating good bearing capacity and hysteresis performance. The deformation capacity of the damaged FSTS RC structure retrofitted by the SLRDs met the corresponding codified requirements for the case of the maximum considered earthquake, as set out in the Chinese seismic design code. The stability of the FSTS RC structure retrofitted by the SLRDs, which was revealed by the developed stains of the RC frame and transfer slab, was improved compared with the undamaged FSTS RC structure.

• Coupled systems mechanics
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.359-379
• /
• 2020

Due to susceptibility of bridges in the past earthquakes, vulnerability assessment and strengthening of bridges has gained a particular significance. The objective of the present study is to employ an analytical method for the development of fragility curves, as well as to investigate the effect of strengthening on the RC box-girder bridges. Since fragility curves are used for pre-and post-earthquake planning, this paper has attempted to adopt the most reliable modeling assumptions in order to increase the reliability. Furthermore, to acknowledge the interaction of soil, abutment and pile, the effect of different strengthening methods, such as using steel jacketing and FRP layers, the effect of increase in the bridge pier diameter, and the effect of vertical component of earthquake on the vulnerability of bridges in this study, a three-span RC box-girder bridge was modeled in 9 different cases. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were carried out on the studied bridges subjected to 100 ground motion records via OpenSEES platform. Therefore, the fragility curves were plotted and compared in the four damage states. The results revealed that once the interaction of soil and abutment and the vertical component of the earthquake are accounted for in the calculations, the median fragility is reduced, implying that the bridge becomes more vulnerable. It was also confirmed that steel jackets and FRP layers are suitable methods for pier strengthening which reduces the vulnerability of the bridge.