• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2017

액상화는 지진에 의해 발생하는 대표적인 피해 중 하나로 이에 대한 가능성을 평가하기 위한 많은 방법들이 개발되었으며, 최근에는 지반이 갖는 불확실성을 합리적으로 고려하기 위한 확률론적 접근방법에 대한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 지반의 물성치가 갖는 공간 변동성을 고려하여 확률론적 해석을 수행하고자 서로 다른 변동특성을 갖는 세 지점의 CPT 데이터를 활용하여 콘관입 저항치에 대한 공간 변동성을 평가하였다. 이후, 각 지점의 공간 변동성을 고려한 콘관입 저항치의 확률장을 생성하였으며, CPT기반 액상화 평가방법을 통하여 액상화에 의해 유발되는 침하량의 확률론적 해석을 수행하였다. 연구결과, 공간변동성이 고려되지 않을 경우 지반의 불확실성을 과대평가할 수 있으며, 기준 허용 침하량에 따라 약 30%까지 큰 확률론적 차이가 발생할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.269-282
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• 2015

Civil structures should be designed with the lowest cost and longest lifetime possible and without service failure. The efficient and sustainable use of materials in building design and construction has always been at the forefront for civil engineers and environmentalists. Timber is one of the best contenders for these purposes particularly in terms of aesthetics; fire protection; strength-to-weight ratio; acoustic properties and seismic resistance. In recent years, timber has been used in commercial and taller buildings due to these significant advantages. It should be noted that, since the launch of the modern building standards and codes, a number of different structural systems have been developed to stabilise steel or concrete multistorey buildings, however, structural analysis of high-rise and multi-storey timber frame buildings subjected to lateral loads has not yet been fully understood. Additionally, timber degradation can occur as a result of biological decay of the elements and overloading that can result in structural damage. In such structures, the deficient members and joints require strengthening in order to satisfy new code requirements; determine acceptable level of safety; and avoid brittle failure following earthquake actions. This paper investigates performance assessment and damage assessment of older multi-storey timber buildings. One approach is to retrofit the beams in order to increase the ductility of the frame. Experimental studies indicate that Sprayed Fibre Reinforced Polymer (SFRP) repairing/retrofitting not only updates the integrity of the joint, but also increases its strength; stiffness; and ductility in such a way that the joint remains elastic. Non-linear finite element analysis ('pushover') is carried out to study the behaviour of the structure subjected to simulated gravity and lateral loads. A new global index is re-assessed for damage assessment of the plain and SFRP-retrofitted frames using capacity curves obtained from pushover analysis. This study shows that the proposed method is suitable for structural damage assessment of aged timber buildings. Also SFRP retrofitting can potentially improve the performance and load carrying capacity of the structure.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.141-161
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• 2016

In seismic fragility and risk analysis, the definition of structural limit state (LS) capacities is of crucial importance. Traditionally, LS capacities are defined according to design code provisions or using deterministic pushover analysis without considering the inherent randomness of structural parameters. To assess the effects of structural randomness on LS capacities, ten structural parameters that include material strengths and gravity loads are considered as random variables, and a probabilistic pushover method based on a correlation-controlled Latin hypercube sampling technique is used to estimate the uncertainties in LS capacities for four typical reinforced concrete frame buildings. A series of ten LSs are identified from the pushover curves based on the design-code-given thresholds and the available damage-controlled criteria. The obtained LS capacities are further represented by a lognormal model with the median $m_C$ and the dispersion ${\beta}_C$. The results show that structural uncertainties have limited influence on $m_C$ for the LSs other than that near collapse. The commonly used assumption of ${\beta}_C$ between 0.25 and 0.30 overestimates the uncertainties in LS capacities for each individual building, but they are suitable for a building group with moderate damages. A low uncertainty as ${\beta}_C=0.1{\sim}0.15$ is adequate for the LSs associated with slight damages of structures, while a large uncertainty as ${\beta}_C=0.40{\sim}0.45$ is suggested for the LSs near collapse.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.91-106
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• 2019

Adopting sloped rolling-type isolation devices underneath a raised floor system has been proved as one of the most effective approaches to mitigate seismic responses of the protected equipment installed above. However, pounding against surrounding walls or other obstructions may occur if such a base-isolated raised floor system is subjected to long-period excitation, leading to adverse effects or even more severe damage. In this study, real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is adopted to assess the control performance of a smart base-isolated raised floor system as it is an efficient and cost-effective experimental method. It is composed of multiple sloped rolling-type isolation devices, a rigid steel platen, four magnetorheological (MR) dampers, and protected high-tech equipment. One of the MR dampers is physically tested in the laboratory while the remainders are numerically simulated. In order to consider the effect of input excitation characteristics on the isolation performance, the smart base-isolated raised floor system is assumed to be located at the roof of a building and the ground level. Four control algorithms are designed for the MR dampers including passive-on, switching, modified switching, and fuzzy logic control. Six artificial spectrum-compatible input excitations and three slope angles of the isolation devices are considered in the RTHS. Experimental results demonstrate that the incorporation of semi-active control into a base-isolated raised floor system is effective and feasible in practice for high-tech industry.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2021

본 연구는 자연환경 속에서 스스로 성장하는 나무의 시스템을 통하여, 건축물에 있어서도 스스로 에너지를 생산할 수 있는 방법을 모색하고자 한 것으로, 나무의 구조, 순환 및 환경반응 시스템으로 구분하여 실 사례와 문헌중심으로 살펴본 것이다. 1) 나무의 구조는 지상계와 뿌리조직으로 나뉘며, 가압된 세포막들로 강성을 유지한다. 지상계인 줄기와 크라운에 의한 풍력의 저항은 건축물의 내진구조원리에, 측면 뿌리의 판형 버트레스는 수평트러스 및 현수교에 적용될 수 있다. 또한 다세포의 블록들은 공기막 구조의 원리에 해당된다. 2) 나무의 순환시스템에 있어서, 나뭇잎의 미세한 기공을 통한 증산작용은 많은 양의 열 방출로 효과적인 냉각 수단이 될 수 있어, 건축물의 냉방에 직접 도입할 수 있다. 또한 증산 작용은 물의 양수와 급수, 태양 그늘을 이용한 창문의 자동 개폐 등에도 적용될 수 있다. 3) 나무의 잎과 꽃에서 읽어낼 수 있는 환경변화에 따른 반응 시스템은 새로운 감지기술과 재료의 사용을 통하여 건축물의 지붕 및 외피디자인에 적용될 수 있다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.109-122
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• 2021

Significant progress in the oil and gas industry advances the application of pipeline into an intelligent era, which poses rigorous requirements on pipeline safety, reliability, and maintainability, especially when crossing seismic zones. In general, strike-slip faults are prone to induce large deformation leading to local buckling and global rupture eventually. To evaluate the performance and safety of pipelines in this situation, numerical simulations are proved to be a relatively accurate and reliable technique based on the built-in physical models and advanced grid technology. However, the computational cost is prohibitive, so one has to wait for a long time to attain a calculation result for complex large-scale pipelines. In this manuscript, an efficient and accurate surrogate model based on machine learning is proposed for strain demand prediction of buried X80 pipelines subjected to strike-slip faults. Specifically, the support vector regression model serves as a surrogate model to learn the high-dimensional nonlinear relationship which maps multiple input variables, including pipe geometries, internal pressures, and strike-slip displacements, to output variables (namely tensile strains and compressive strains). The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method are validated by numerical studies considering different effects caused by structural sizes, internal pressure, and strike-slip movements.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.169-184
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• 2022

The importance of seismicity in developing countries and the strengthening of buildings is a topic of major importance. Therefore, the study of several solutions with the development of new technologies is of great importance to investigate the damage on retrofitted structures by using probabilistic methods. The Federal Emergency Management Agency considers three types of performance levels by considering different scenarios, intensity and duration. The selection and scaling of ground motions mainly depends on the aim of the study. Intensity-based assessments are the most common and compute the response of buildings for a specified seismic intensity. Assessments based on scenarios estimate the response of buildings to different earthquake scenarios. A risk-based assessment is considered as one of the most effective. This research represents a practical method for developing countries where exists many active faults, tall buildings and lack of good implementable approaches. Therefore, to achieve the main goal, two high-rise steel buildings have been modeled and assessed. The contribution of buckling-restrained braces in the elastic design of both buildings is firstly verified. In the nonlinear static range, both buildings presented repairable damage at the central top part and some life safety hinges at the bottom. The nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis was applied by 15 representative/scaled accelerograms to obtain levels of performance and fragility curves. The results shown that by using probabilistic methods, it is possible to estimate the probability of collapse of retrofitted buildings by buckling-restrained braces and tuned mass dampers, which are practical retrofitting options to protect existing structures against earthquakes.

• 지질공학
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

지진은 지체 구조, 지구조 응력, 지각 성분 및 구성 요소 간의 상호 작용을 통해 발생하는 복잡한 현상으로 이해하기 매우 어려운 시스템이기 때문에 예측하기가 쉽지 않다. 우리나라는 평균 M 2.3의 비교적 안전한 지역으로 볼 수 있으나 지진에 대한 대중의 관심이 높아짐에 따라, 한반도의 지진현상을 분석하기 위하여 딥러닝 기반의 Facebook's Prophet 모델을 이용한 시간에 따른 지진패턴의 변화 및 공간과 규모에 따른 지진예측을 시도하였다. 또한, 진앙분포도 군집분석 방법인 DBSCAN과 비교 및 토의하였다. Prophet 지진 예측 모델링 결과 향후 경상북도뿐만 아니라 충청북도, 경기도 및 서울권역에서 지진이 발생할 것으로 예측되었다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.185-195
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• 2023

Antalya is located south part of minor Asia, one of the biggest cities in Türkiye. As a result of population growth and vast migration to Antalya, many parts of the city that were not suitable for construction due to its geological conditions have become urban areas, and most of these urban areas are full of poorly engineered buildings. Poor engineering has been combined with unplanned urbanization, that causes utter vulnerability to disasters in Antalya. When an earthquake-prone city, Antalya faces with an earthquake risk, fear arises in society. To overcome this problem, it has become necessary to investigate the building stock, expressed in hundreds of thousands, in a fast and reliable way and then perform an urban transformation to create the perception of structural safety. However, the excessive building stock, labor, and economic problems made the implementation stage challenging and revealed the necessity of finding alternative solutions in the field. The present study presents a novel approach for assessment and model based on a rapid visual inspection method to transform areas under earthquake risk in Türkiye. The approach aimed to rank the interventions for decision-making mechanisms by making comparisons in the scale hierarchy. In the present study, to investigate the proposed approach, over 26,000 buildings were examined in Antalya, which is the fifth largest city in Türkiye that has a population of over 2.5 Million. In the results of the study, the risk classification was defined in the framework of building, block, street, neighborhood, and district scales.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.473-491
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• 2022

The research investigates experimentally the effect of confinement on structural behavior at the ends of beam-column in reinforced concrete (RC) frames. In the experimental study, five specimens consisting of 1/3-scaled RC frames having single-bay, representing the traditional deficiencies of existing buildings constructed without receiving proper engineering service is investigated. The RC frame specimens were produced to represent most of the existing buildings in Turkey that have damage potential. To decrease the probable damage to the existing buildings exposed to earthquakes, the carbon Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) strengthening technique (fully wrapping) was used on the ends of the RC frame elements to increase the energy dissipation and deformation capacity. The specimens were tested under reversed cyclic lateral loading with constant axial loads. They were constructed satisfying the weak column-strong beam condition and consisting of low-strength concrete, such as compressive strength of 15 MPa. The test results were compared and evaluated considering stiffness, strength, energy dissipation capacity, structural damping, ductility, and damage propagation in detail. Comprehensive investigations of these experimental results reveal that the strengthening of a brittle frame with fully-TRM wrapping with non-anchored was effective in increasing the stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation capacities of RC bare frames. It was also observed that the frame-only-retrofitting with an infill wall is not enough to increase the ductility capacity. In this case, both the frame and infill wall must be retrofitted with TRM composite to increase the stiffness, lateral load carrying, ductility and energy dissipation capacities of RC frames. The presented strengthening method can be an alternative strengthening technique to enhance the seismic performance of existing or moderately damaged RC buildings.