• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2015

Purpose: The high energy requirement of extraction of oil from jatropha seed and reduction of loss in oil content between whole seed and kernel of jatropha necessitate seed shelling. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the performance of a jatropha seed shelling machine based on seed moisture content. Methods: A shelling machine was designed and constructed for jatropha seed. The components are frame, hopper, shelling chamber, concave, and blower with discharge units. The performance evaluation of the machine was carried out by determining parameters such as percentage of whole kernel recovered, percentage of broken kernel recovered, percentage of partially shelled seed, percentage of unshelled seed, machine capacity, machine efficiency, and shelling efficiency. All of the parameters were evaluated at five different moisture levels: 8.00%, 9.37%, 10.77%, 12.21%, and 13.68% w.b.). Results: The shelling efficiency of the machine increased with increase in seed moisture content; the percentage of whole kernel recovered and percentage of partially shelled seed decreased with increase in moisture content; and percentage of broken kernel, machine efficiency, and percentage of unshelled seed followed a sinusoidal trend with moisture content variation. Conclusion: The best operating condition for the shelling machine was at a moisture content of 8.00% w.b., at which the maximum percentage of whole kernel recovered was 23.23% at a shelling efficiency of 73.95%.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2003

Five seed kernel namely, Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), Pongamia (Pongamia glabra L. Pierre), Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), Mahua (Madhuca indica Gmel.) and Shikakai (Acacia cancinna De.) were tested against hatching of eggs and larval mortality of Meloidogyne incognita causing root knot disease in mulberry along with Furadan (Carbofuran) and Bionema (a bioformulation developed from Verticillium chlamydosporium) for comparison. Results revealed that highest hush-up of hatching was observed in Neem (77.40%) and Pongamia (75.99%) seed kernel extracts at 100% concentration over the check. Similarly, highest larval mortality was observed in Neem and Pongamia by 76.00% and 74.50%, respectively at 100% concentration after 72 hrs of exposure period. Pot culture studies revealed that pre-application of seed kernel powders (20 days before inoculation of nematode) found to be more effective in controlling the root knot disease than post application. In pre application of seed kernel powders, maximum reduction of root knots was observed in case of Neem seed kernel powder (54.85%) followed by Pongamia (51.9%). Similar trend was also observed in reduction of egg masses/plant and nematode population ／250 cc soil. Rest of the seed kernel extracts was found to be less effective in suppression of hatching, enhancing the larval mortality and controlling the root knot disease. However, application of Furadan and Bionema tested for the comparison were found to be more effective than seed kernel powders. The generated information seems to be useful in developing an ecofriendly integrated approach for the control of root knot nematode disease in mulberry.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.17-22
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• 2017

Objectives : Daily Dose of Apricot Kernel in Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases is usually written in the number, sometimes in the volume. The seed coat and acute end of Apricot Kernel must be removed, so author want to know its daily dose and proportion of seed coat and acute end. Methods : Assuming dosage by editions of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases. And comparing it with measured weight of Apricot Kernel distributed in market. Results : The number of prescriptions including Apricot Kernel is ten, and eight of that are made to decoction, two of that are made to pill prescription. And two of decoction are made by reducing and uniting prescriptions. The daily dose of six decoction are 70, 47 or 35 in numbers. The 70 Apricot Kernel except seed coat and acute end are 1/2 Sheong ($33m{\ell}$) in volume, 3 Ryang (19.5 g) in weight. Weight of Apricot Kernel the most common in market is 0.28 ~ 0.38 g. 70 Apricot Kernel are 23.10 g, seed coats of that are 1.15 g, acute ends of that are 2.43 g, 70 Apricot Kernel except seed coat and acute end is 19.5 g. So, seed coat is 5%, acute end is 10% by proportion, which is the same with it assumed based on writings. Conclusions : 70 Apricot Kernel except seed coat and acute end are 1/2 Sheong, 3 Ryang, and it is 33 mL and 19.5 g respectively. It also correspond with current market goods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1451-1454
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• 2003

The present investigation was carried out to study the affect of feeding urea ammoniated neem kernel meal on carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of the meat in goats. Eight local weaned kids of 3-4 months age with mean body weight of $7.85{\pm}0.42kg$ were assigned to two groups of four each in a completely randomised design and were offered diets containing isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures containing either peanut meal or urea ammoniated neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel meal (UANSKM) along with ad libitium oat hay or green sorghum as roughage for 13 fortnights. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the experimental period and the carcass characteristics and organoleptic evaluation of the meat was carried out. The carcass characteristics in terms of dressing percentage, meat bone ratio, percent edible and inedible did not differ between the treatments. Similarly the organoleptic characteristics and cooking loss were comparable between the treatments implying that UANSKM can be substituted for peanut meal in goat diets to alleviate the shortage and high cost of peanut meal without affecting meat quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.348-355
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• 2000

The study was conducted to determine physicochemical parameters in various physical fractions (linter, hull, kernel, oil and meal) of cottonseed of different varieties (MNH 147, CIM 240, NIAB 78, FH 87, CIM 109, MNH 93, FH 682, GOHAR 87, SLS 1 and B 557). Average components of linter, hull, and kernel in different varieties of cotton were 12.21, 28.24 and 70.42%, respectively. Average percentage of meal and oil was 48.97 and 22.09% in seed, and 69.28 and 30.72% in kernel, respectively. Maximum percentage of meal was recovered from variety CIM 240 and lowest in variety CIM 109. Statistical analysls revealed variety differences (p<0.05) in seed and it's components. Average contents of crude protein, crude fiber and ash was 22.31, 17.74 and 4.27% in seed, 2.85, 56.50 and 2.61% in hull; 32.62, 3.45 and 4.01 % in kernel; 47.15, 5.00 and 5.78% in meal, respectively. Average contents of Ca, p, Mg, K, Na and Cl were 0.09, 0.22, 0.26, 0.65, 0.009 and 0.035% in seed; 0.12, 0.07, 0.09, 0.51, 0.020 and 0.034% in hull and 0.16, 0.59, 0.32, 1.01, 0.03 and 0.07% in meal of different varieties of cotton, respectively. Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were 141.35, 24.55, 186.50 and 27.12 mg/kg in seed; 158.48, 2.06, 74.60, and 22.17 mg/kg in hulls; and 167.62, 20.30, 185.83 and 20.67 mg/kg in meal, respectively. Significant varietal differences were observed in proximate composition and mineral contents of cottonseeds and derived products. Cottonseeds and their products of varieties FH 87, CIM 109 and MNH 93 showed higher nutrient density while lower was observed in varieties CIM 240, SLS I and FH 682.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.513-528
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of locally produced organic agricultural by-products to substitute imported organic feeds for organic ruminant farming. Imported organic feeds (corn grain, soybean meal, soybean seed, oat grain, barley grain, wheat grain, buckwheat, sunflower seed meal) and byproducts (rice bran, grape seed meal, rice straw, soybean hull, soybean curd, rice hull, green kernel rice, and crushed rice grain) were analyzed for chemical composition and NDF, ADF, mineral, and amino acid contents and anti-nutritional factors. Dry matter, NDF and ADF contents in organic feeds were higher than those in conventional feeds. Especially, the 9.65% fat content of organic soybean meal was 6 times higher than the 1.95% fat content of conventional soybean meal. Fat contents of rice bran, grape seed meal, green kernel rice, and crushed rice grain were 25.66, 6.09, 3.57 and 1.59%, respectively. Protein contents of soybean hull and soybean curd were 14.68 and 19.87%, respectively, which are highest among organic by-products. Levels of aflatoxin in all feeds were below the safety level. Therefore, organic rice bran, green kernel rice and crushed rice as energy source, and soybean hull and soybean curd as protein source could partial replace imported feeds for organic ruminant farming.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.861-882
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• 2000

The seed, or grain, of modern cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius, commonly known as Australian sweet lupins (ASL), is an established feed resource for the intensive animal industries of Australia, Japan, Korea and several other countries in Asia and Europe. Since the introduction of ASL to the world marketplace about 25 years ago, researchers in many countries have found them to be a valuable component of the diet of beef and dairy cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, finfish and crustaceans. The seed of ASL contains ~32% crude protein (CP) (~35% DM basis) and 5% oil. The main storage carbohydrates in the seed are the ${\beta}$-galactans that comprise most of the cell-wall material of the kernel and the cellulose and hemicellulose of the thick seed coats. ASL seeds contain about 40% non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and a negligible amount of starch. This makes them an excellent ingredient for ruminant diets, as the risk of acidosis is very low. The seed of modern cultivars of domesticated Lupinus species contain negligible amounts of lectins and trypsin inhibitors so they do not require preheating before being used as an ingredient in feeds for monogastric species. They have a high digestibility coefficient for protein, >90% for most species, but a low energy digestibility, ~60%, which is mostly due to the high content of NSP. The low content of methionine (0.22%) and of lysine (1.46%) is typical of the legumes. The lysine availability for pigs is >70%. Lupin kernels contain ~39% CP (~42% DM basis), 6% oil and 30% NSP. They have a higher digestible energy for pigs and finfish and a higher metabolisable energy for poultry than whole seed. Commercial operations rarely achieve complete separation of kernel from hull and it is more likely that the kernel fraction, called splits or meats, will contain ~36% CP. The replacement of soybean meal or peas with ASL in cereal-based diets for most intensively reared animals, birds and fish is possible provided lysine, methionine and digestible energy levels are kept constant. This makes ASL economically competitive in many, but not all, circumstances.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 1994

The germplasms of naked barley evaluated for starch content were 137 crossing blacks and progeny lines obtained from the breeding program of the Wheat and Barley Research Institute, 540 Tabdong Kwonsungu Suwon, in the 1988/1989 season. Starch content was distributed between 49.15 and 62.50% with a mean of 57.20%. It was high in the bred lines and the Uz type lines than the imported, uz type or lax type ones. The range observed for seed coat weight was 1.12-3.02mg and the mean seed coat weight was 1.88mg. The seed coat weight ratio to kernel weight was measured between 4.0 and 8.7% with a mean of 6.5%. The varieties differ greatly in the characteristics depending on the plant type and origin of germplasms. The variation observed with protein content ranged from 9.60 to. 15.90% while the average was 12.86%. Starch content was negative relationships with kernel weight, seed coat weight, seed coat weight ratio., kernel width, kernel thickness and protein content, and starch content was higher in smaller kernels within a variety. The weight and weight ratio. of seed coat were positively correlated with the width, thick-ness of kernels, whilst they were negatively correlated with starch content. The heritability of starch content was 30.0%.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Applied Superconductivity and Cryogenics Conference
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• 1999.02a
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• pp.43-46
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• 1999

The microstructure of Top Seed Milt-Processed $YBa_{2}$$Cu_{3}$$O_{7-\delta}$ single crystal was studied. It was presumed that the segregation of Y211 is due to the difference of growth rates between a, b axis and c axis in crystal direction. Corn kernel lide structure which was grown by the diffusion of Y211 was observed. At the near corner of the seed crystal, the diagonal line on Y123 cry crystal is formed by the corn kernel like structure.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1999

The microstructures of top seed mult processde $\textrm{YBa}_2\textrm{Cu}_3\textrm{O}_7$.$\delta$ single crystal were studied. Although shape of the seed was not faceted. the growth shape of Y123 single crystal was faceted. It was observed that Y211 phases were trapped in specific spaces of the faceted region. From the microstructural investigation. it was suggested that the segregation of Y211 is due to the difference of growth rates in crystal direction. When a single crystal was grown by the single seed with stepped multi surfaces. a microstrue was grown from multi-seed. The microstructure show the possibility of multi-seed growth. Corn kernel like structure without Y211 phase was observed and seemed to be formed by the diffusion reaction between Y211 phase in crystal and liquid wetted on the crystal. the diagonal line on Y123 crystal was observed that it was formed by the corn kernel like structure.