• 농약과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 1999

세계적으로 환경생태독성의 주요지표종으로 저니토독성시험에 주로 이용되는 깔따구(Chironomus riparius)를 이용하여 물만으로한 시험계와 물과 토양이 공존하는 시험계 사이의 $^{14}C$-lambda-cyhalothrin의 생물학적인 독성과 농약잔류양상의 차이를 비교하였다. 물과 토양이 공존하는 시험계에서는 물중 lambda-cyhalothrin 잔류량이 약제처리후 5일에서 처음 처리 농도의 99%이상이 감소하는 것으로 나타났으나 물만을 처리한 시험계에서는 처음농도의 약 35%가 감소하였다. Lambda-cyhalothrin의 Chironomus riparius에 대한 독성시험에서 물만 있는 용기에서와 물과 토양이 공존하는 시험계에서의 72시간 $LC_{50}$이 각각 $0.156{\mu}g/{\ell}$이하와 889 ${\mu}g/kg$으로 물과 토양이 공존하는 용기에서의 독성이 약 5,000배 이상 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 토양과 물 사이의 흡착분배계수의 차이에 의해 물 중 lambda-cyhalothrin의 잔류량이 감소하고 이에 따라 시험생물에 대한 독성도 감소함을 알 수 있었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.241-250
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• 2012

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), butyltins (BTs), nonylphenol (NP), and fecal sterols concentrations in sediments were investigated from Gunsan coast of Korea to evaluate organic pollution from anthropogenic activities. Sediment toxicity was also examined by bacterial bioluminescence toxicity test (Vibrio fischeri). The concentrations of 16 PAHs in sediments ranged from 67.9 to 425 ng/g dry wt; BTs ranged from 2.79 to 14.1 ng Sn/g dry wt; NP ranged from 20.7 to 2171 ng/g dry wt; and coprostanol, a fecal sterol, ranged from 7.60 to 245 ng/g dry wt. Effective concentration 50% ($EC_{50}$) of sediments ranged from 0.38 to 23.8 mg/mL. Most of the chemicals were present at levels lower than or comparable to the previously reported values from Korea. However, NP levels in the present study were in the high range of levels reported from the Korean coast, and 40% of the measured samples exceeded screening and ecotoxicological values of NP suggested by the Netherlands and Canada. This suggests that an ongoing source of NP is a serious concern in the Gunsan coast. High levels of contaminants were found in the proximity of potential sources, such as the outfall of a wastewater treatment plant for NP, an anthracite-fired power plant for PAHs, and ports for BTs, fecal sterols, and sediment toxicity. This indicates that Gunsan coast has various potential sources of marine sediment contaminants.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.367-378
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• 2007

A sediment quality index (SQI) and a mean sediment quality guideline quotient (M-SQGQ) were applied for the assessment of sediment quality in Masan Bay, Korea where metals and organic pollutants are of concern. The SQI was calculated by two functions, 'scope' (the number of variables that do not meet guideline objective) and 'amplitude' (the magnitude by which variables exceed guideline objective), with six different sediment quality guideline values from Canada, USA and Australia/New Zealand. Categorization of sediment quality was on the basis of SQI scores. The SQI values were compared with six guideline values applied as well as with the M-SQGQs. The SQI values were severely influenced by a few variables of high exceedance in the degree of non-compliance. The SQI values were very dependent on both the numbers and values of guideline variables used in index caluculation. Nevertheless, the SQI could provide integrated and simplified information from a large number of chemical data set. It is required to further evaluate protocols and guideline applied for deriving SQI and to compare it with field based sediment toxicity test and ecosystem integrity.

• 생태와환경
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.431-440
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• 2008

Turbid water or suspended sediment is associated with negative effects on aquatic organisms; fish, aquatic invertebrate, and periphyton. Effects of turbid water on fish differ depending on their developmental stage and a level of turbidity. Low turbid water may cause feeding and predation rates, reaction distance, and avoidance in fish, and it could make fish to die under high turbidity and long period. Therefore, it is very important to find out how turbid water or suspended sediment can affect fish in domestic watersheds. The objectives of this study were 1) to introduce international case studies and their standards to deal with suspended sediment, 2) to determine acute toxicity in 4 major freshwater fishes, and 3) to determine in relation to adverse effect of macroinvertebrates and fish. Impacts of turbid water on fish can be categorized into direct and indirect effects, and some factors such as duration and frequency of exposure, toxicity, temperature, life stage of fish, size of particle, time of occurrence, availability of and access to refugia, etc, play important role to decide magnitude of effect. A review of turbidity standard in USA, Canada, and Europe indicated that each standard varied with natural condition, and Alaska allowed liberal increase of turbidity over natural conditions in streams. Even though acute toxicity with four different species did not show any fatal effect, it should be considered to conduct a chronic test (long-term) for more detailed assessment. Compared to the control, dominance index of macroinvertebrates was greater in the turbid site, whereas biotic index, species diversity index, species richness index, and ecological score were smaller in the turbid site. According to histopathological analysis with gills of macroinvertebrate and fishes, morphological and physiological modification of gills due to suspended sediments can cause disturbance of respiration, excretion and secretion. In conclusion, in order to maintain good and healthy aquatic ecosystem, it is the best to minimize or prevent impact by occurrence of turbid water in stream and reservoir. We must make every effort to maintain and manage healthy aquatic ecosystem with additional investigation using various assessment tools and periodic biomonitoring of fish.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.135-144
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• 1999

Environmental toxicities of priority water pollutants were evaluated by two selected bioassays, Lettuce seed germination/elongation test and Microtox acute toxicity test. Toxic chemicals (heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenolic compounds) inhibited the germination rate and root elongation of Lettuce seed, as well as the bioluminescence of Microtox bacteria. When test biota were exposed to target chemicals, the sensitivity of Lettuce bioassay was relatively lower than that of Microtox bioassay. However, Lettuce bioassay may be a good candidate for prescreening the environmental toxicities of priority water pollutants, since the testing method with Lettuce seed was relatively easier and more economic than with Microtox bacteria. Toxicity tests were conducted to compare the validity and sensitivity of both bioassays for sediment from a small stream passed through urban area as well as leachate from a municipal solid waste landfill. From experimental results, we found that Lettuce test and Microtox test are compensated each other as a battery of bioassay for evaluating the environmental toxicities of field samples obtained from a small stream contaminated by pollutants.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.153-159
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• 2001

The main point source of pollution of the Keumho river in Taegu, Korea, stems from waste from the areas of industrial complexes . Although it is widely accepted that pollutants in waste water negatively effects general water quality, it is difficult to evaluate the effluent effect because of varying conditions in ambient water and inconclusive knowledge of causative pollutants. To analyze the water in relation to the industrial effluent in the area, pH. temperature, conductivity, and Microtox toxicity of various river samples were measured. Water samples were collected every 2 hours for 36 hours from Keumho river and Dalseo stream. Data from continuous monitoring for 36 hours showed that effluent in Keumho river originated from Dalseo stream, which is near adjacent to industrial complexes. Change in toxicity and other factors tested during the 36 hours indicated that continuous monitoring was necessary for a satisfactory effluent toxicity test Furthermore, in addition to water quality monitoring, it was concluded that sediment toxicity also needed to evaluate effluent effects.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2005

Benthic amphipod, Grandidierella japonica widely inhabits the Korean coastal waters and is developed as a standard test species for sediment toxicity tests. We exposed G. japonica to various pollutants including 4 kinds of inorganic metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Hg), tributyltin [TBT], ammonia and 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (acenaphthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) to estimate the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the median lethal concentration (LC50) of each pollutant during the 96-hour acute exposure. Among all tested pollutants, TBT was most toxic to G. japonica, and Rg was most toxic among inorganic metals. The toxicity of pyrene to G. japonica was greatest among PAH compounds, followed by fluoranthene, phenanathrene, acenaphthene, fluorene and naphthalene. The toxicity of PAH compounds was closely related to their physico-chemical characteristics such as $K_ow$ and water solubility. G. japonica responded adequately to pollutant concentrations and exposure durations, and the sensitivity of G. japonica to various inorganic and organic pollutants was generally comparable to other amphipods used as standard test species in ecotoxicological studies, indicating this species can be applied in the assessment of environments polluted by various harmful substances.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2004년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.81-84
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• 2004

Control of Sediment is very important in prawn farm due to the eruption of toxic material such as W1ionized H2S, NH3 and NO2-. In this study, column test study, column with filter media such as activated carbon, zeolite, oyster shell and iron chloride to evaluate the reduction of toxicity from sediment ammonia-N(NH3) was effectively removed by Zeolite and oyster shell. It was indicated that ammonium ion(NH4+) was removed by ion exchange of zeolite. And the ammonia in the column of oyster shell was existed as the form of NH4+, which is not toxic for prawn because oyster shell was stably kept around pH 8. Therefore, some of ammonia(NH3) was reduced by oyster shell. Hydrogen sulfide and COD were effectively removed by adsorption of activated carbon and a partial removal of hydrogen sulfide was accomplished by Oyster shell. Phosphorous was removed by activated carbon, oyster shell and iron chloride. In prawn farm, the concentration of ammonia was increased with increase of pH by algae photosynthesis in the column of activated carbon, zeolite and iron chloride, but it was revealed that pH was stably kept in the column of oyster shell.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 폐기물 배출해역의 퇴적물이 해양생물에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 2016~2019년 3개 배출해역; 동해병, 서해병, 동해정 해역의 9개 정점에서 채취한 퇴적물 시료들을 대상으로 국내 해양폐기물공정시험기준에 의거하여 저서성단각류(Monocorophium acherusicum)와 발광박테리아(Vibrio fischeri)를 이용한 독성시험을 수행하였다. 시험결과, 상대평균생존율(저서성단각류)과 상대발광저해율(발광박테리아)이 각각 30 % 이하로서 '독성없음'으로 판정되었으나, t검정을 이용한 독성 평가 결과에서는 총 12개(2016년 6개, 2017년 1개, 2018년 1개, 2019년 4개)의 저서성단각류 시료에서 대조구와 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 저서성단각류의 독성원인 탐색을 위해 퇴적물 내 8종 중금속 함량(Cr, As, Ni, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg)과 저서성단각류 상대평균생존율의 단순선형회귀분석을 수행한 결과, Cr의 저서성단각류 독성 기여도가 가장 높았다(p=0.000, R²=0.355). 또한, 매년 독성영향이 가장 높은 정점(DB-85)의 시료에서 Cr이 여전히 가장 높은 농도로 검출되었으며, 해양환경기준을 매년 초과하였다. 해양폐기물공정시험기준의 생태독성판정 기준 적용 시 '독성없음'으로 평가되는 퇴적물 오염도가 대조구와의 통계적 유의성 검정, 독성원인확인 평가를 적용할 경우 독성영향을 수용 가능한 수준으로 판단하기 어려우므로 향후 종민감도분포곡선을 활용한 정량적 위해성 평가를 통한 준거치를 도출하여 생태독성 영향 판단 기준의 재설정을 고려할 필요가 있다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.226-234
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• 2002

퇴적물 내 황화물(acid volatile sulfide, AVS)이 저서 생물의 금속 생물 축적 및 독성 반응에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 이해하기 위해서 해양 다모류인 Neanthes arenaceodentata를 이용한 퇴적물 노출실험을 수행하였다. 이를 위해서 세 개의 다른 AVS 농도군에 대조구를 포함한 다섯 개의 농도 구배로 Cd, Ni, Zn를 오염시킨 퇴적물에서 N. arenaceodentata를 20일간 배양한 후 실험생물의 체내 금속 축적량과 그에 따른 사망률 및 성장률을 조사하였다. N. arenaceodentata에 의한 금속의 생물축적은 Cd과 Zn의 경우 AVS 농도의 영향을 받아서 해수(overlying water, OW)내 용존 금속 농도에 비례해서 증가했다. Ni은 AVS농도에 영향을 받지 않고 퇴적물 내 금속(simultaneously extracted metals. SEM)농도에 비례해서 증가했다. N. arenaceodentata의 사망과 성장률 저해현상은 SEM과 AVS 간의 몰농도차가 영보다 큰 조건(［SEM-AVS］>0)에서만 관찰되었는데 용존 Zn에 의한 결과로 추정되었다. OW-Zn의 20-d LC50값은 9.3(8.0$\pm$11.0) $\mu$M이었다. 사망률에 대한 체내 Zn 농도의 최소영향농도(LOEC)는 7.8 $\mu$mol/g이었고, 최대무영향농도(NOEC)는 6.2$\mu$mol/g이었다. 성장률 저해에 대한 체내 Zn 농도의 LOEC는 5.9$\mu$mol/g이었고, NOEC은5.1 $\mu$mol/g토이었다. 본 실험에서는 실험실 조건에서 인위적으로 오염시킨 퇴적물 내 Zn의 입자상 Zn 농도와 용존 Zn농도의 비 (K$_{d}$ )가 현장 퇴적물에 비해서 10배 정도 감소함으로써 결국 용존 Zn에 의한 독성이 과대평가된 것으로 보인다.