• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.115-119
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• 2003

Pollutants from industry, mining, agriculture, and other sources have contaminated sediments in many surface water bodies. Sediment contamination poses a severe threat to human health and environment because many toxic contaminants that are barely detectable in the water body can accumulate in sediment at much higher levels, the purpose of this study was to make convenient sampling method and optimal treatment of sediment for water quality improvement in reservoir or stream based on an evaluation of degree of contamination. Results for analysis of S-reservoir sediments were observed that copper concentration of almost areas were higher than the regulation of soil pollution (50 mg/1) for the riverbed. S-stream sediments were observed that copper, arsenic and TPH concentration of almost areas were exceeded soil pollution concerning levels for factorial areas. We used Remscreen(version. 1.0) program which is contaminated soil recovery program to select optimal treatment method of contaminant sediments. The result was shown in the order of Thermal Calcination > Excavation, Retrieval and Off-site Disposal(comparative less then contaminant) > Low Temperature Thermal Desorption + Solidification/Stabilization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.13 no.1 s.28
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• pp.93-102
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• 2007

Particle materials sink in bottom and dissolved inorganic substances release from sediment and many kinds of materials continuously exchange in sediment and water column as well as transfer and transformation in sediment. The study of sediment quality means the state of sediment pollution relation of the water quality, sediment biota, materials fluxes between sediment and water column, transformation of materials in sediment is being important in recent. The state of sediment quality imply that the history of water pollution for long time, because the sediment quality does not change temporally. The sediment quality of bottom water can be used as a good indicator of pollution at present and in future. The major index of sediment qualities are the content of nutrients and hazard materials such as metals, Ignition Loss (IL), Total Sulfur (TS), Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP), sediment COD, color, odor and the release of nutrients from sediment. However, there are some arguments between researchers about compare to estimation of sediment quality and sampling and analysis of sediment. In this study, I will introduce the method of sediment sampling, analyzing and estimating of the sediment pollution.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 1991

For the survey of water pollution, several heavy metals were analyzed in the sediment of the Han River from March 20 to April 22, 1989. The results were as follows : 1. The respective ranges of heavy metal concentrations of Cadimium, Lead, Copper, Zinc and Manganese found in the sediments of the Han River were 0.32!2.41 $\mu g/g$, 15.80~129.64 $\mu g/g$, 13.82~372.36 $\mu g/g$, 58.40~925.40 $\mu g/g$, 271.50~668.30 $\mu g/g$. 2. In the sediment of inflow site Jung Rang Chon the contents of Lead, Copper, Zinc were the highest among other sampling points and An Yang Chon, the contents of Cadmium, was the highest among other sampling points and Wang Sook Chon, the contents of Manganese, was the highest among other sampling points. 3. Through all sampling points general trend of heavy metal contamination showed the highest in Zinc, the next Manganese, Copper, Lead and Cadmium respectively. 4. The higher amount of heavy metal was found in the finer particles of sediment. 5. The amount of Cadmium and Lead of the Han River water was below the standard of environment.

• ALGAE
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.149-161
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• 2009

Characteristics of benthic microalgae and sediment properties were investigated for the intertidal flats of Kwangyang Bay, Korea. Sampling stations were selected every 100 m in the intertidal flats from land-side to open ocean at two different sampling sites. Samples were collected in June 2004, July, September, November, February and May 2005. Sediments properties were measured including temperature, water contents, sediment bulk density, nutrient concentrations in porewater. Chlorophyll a concentrations in surface sediment (0.5 cm) were measured and relationships between the chlorophyll a and various sediment properties were analyzed to identify major mechanisms regulating biomass of benthic microalgae in the intertidal flats using simple linear regression analysis. Sediment chlorophyll a concentrations were maximum during winter and minimum during warm seasons ranging from 4.4 mg $m^{-2}\;to\;81.2\;mg\;m^{-2}$. No clear spatial variations were observed for the sediment chlorophyll a in the study sites. Results from regression analysis suggested that benthic microalgae biomass was affected by sediment temperature and nutrients especially ammonium and silicate. Grazing effect was estimated using chlorophyll: pheopigments ratio, indirect indicator of grazing activity, and the positive correlation of the ratio and chlorophyll a implied that microalgae biomass is affected by grazing of zoobenthos although direct measurement of grazing activity is required to determine the importance of top-down controls in the benthic microalgae dynamics.

• Water for future
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.129-141
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• 1996

A procedure for computing total suspended sediment load is presented based on a single point-integrated sample, a power velocity distribution, and Laursen's sediment concentration distribution equation. The procedure was tested with field data from the Rio Grande River. Computed concentrations agreed well with depth-integrated measurements corrected for unmeasured load using nominal values of $\beta$, $\kappa$ and w. Even better agreement was obtained when site-specific data were used to define the x and z exponents of the velocity and concentration distributions. The difference between total suspended load computed using a single measurement and this procedure and conventional computations based on depthintegrated measurements is well within sampling error. There are major advantages in estimating total suspended load using a single time-integrated suspended-sediment point sample. Less field time is required; sampling costs are greatly reduced; and sampling can be more frequent and better timed to measure the changing sediment load. Single-point sampling makes automatic sampling procedures more feasible.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.801-812
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• 1996

We investigated concentrations of heavy metals(Cr, Cd, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, and Mnl and correlations between concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment, soil, weeds, and vegetables on the lower Nakdong river. Concentrations of heavy metals on the lower Milyang river was generally lower than those of other sampling area. In the soil, concentration of Pb is generally larger than that of other heavy metals. Generally, concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment show decreasing tendency 8s the sampling area moves toward downstream of the river, but those of in the soil and weeds show increasing tendency. There is no significant correlation between concentration of heavy metals in the soil-sediment, soil-vegetables, sediment-weeds, or vegetables-weeds. Only concentrations of Pb in the vegetables and those of in the weeds show very high correlation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.793-800
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• 2002

Butyltin (BT) compounds were measured in seawater, sediment, sediment core, settling solids, and plankton from Gwangyang Bay in 2001, Tributyltin (TBT) was detected in seawater from 1 out of the 7 seawater sampling sites and in sediment from 18 out of the 35 sediment sampling sites. The highest concentration of TBT was found in the sediment from the site near Yeosu Harbor (53 ng Sn/g dry wt), acting as the point source for TBT The mean concentrations of TBT were in the order of plankton> settling solids> sediment. The degradation indexes ([DBT]+[MBT]/[TBT]) for the plankton were less than 1, indicating the possibility of recent inputs of TBT. The indexes for the sediment and settling solids ranged from 1.14 to 8.73. The composition of the BT compounds found in the settling solids was similar to that found in the sediment. The vertical profile of the total BT compounds in the sediment was characterized by an abrupt decline from the surface. However, no butyltin compounds appeared below a depth of 10 cm, corresponding to the 1980s. Accordingly, the current results demonstrated that the levels of all butyltin species in the environment of Gwangyang Bay were relatively lower than those in other polluted coastal areas. The vertical profile also suggested a fairly recent history for the down-core.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.84-95
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• 2018

The community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in the fine sediments of freshwater was analyzed according to various sampling tools and methods. The sediment core with the inner diameter of 7.5 cm was more effective in cost and labor in comparison to that of ${\Phi}5cm$ or ${\Phi}10cm$. The number of species increased with the increase in sample size (replicates). When it was collected five times with the ${\Phi}7.5cm$ sediment core, Shannon-Weaver's diversity and McNaughton's dominance of the sample reached about the 80 % level of the community estimates. Most species appeared in the sediment layer of 0-4 cm, and there were no newly recruited species below the depth of 4 cm. Individual abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates decreased exponentially along with the increase in sediment depth. Compared with the individual abundance of the 0-15 cm sediment layer, the abundance was 60 % in the 0-2 cm layer, 25 % in the 2-4 cm layer, 10 % in the 4-6 cm layer and 95 % in the 0-6 cm layer. Compared with organisms collected with the sieve of 0.2 mm pore, the number of species and the individual abundance sifted through the sieve with pore of 1 mm were 36 % and 88 %, and those with pore of 0.5 mm were 5 % and 55 %, respectively.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.143-151
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• 2001

Six rivers were selected as preliminary screening sites to determine the test conditions of Microtox in assessing the toxicity of the sediment. In addition, a pH range of 6.0∼6.5 was established in testing pore water, aqueous extracts and organic extracts. Each extractable fraction of sediment showed different toxicities. Therefore, in order to properly examine the toxicity in the sediment, all extractable fractions of sediment samples needed to be tested with Microtox. Thus, sediment samples were additionally collected from at least 4 secondary sites within 50∼100ｍ area of the primary sampling site to reduce any variation or deviation in toxicity assessment. From all sediment toxicity data that was collected from this study, it was concluded that the Keumho river was the most polluted with the highest sediment toxicity of all the rivers analyzed and needed further detailed research on its pollution problem.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.48-65
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• 2009

In order to understand the local vegetation history and the origin of rice cultivation, a phytoliths analysis was performed with sediments collected from archaeological site at Ga-dong in Gijang, Busan. From the analysis with the sediments of three sampling sites, fan-shape phytoliths of Oryza sativa were detected: sediment 8 ~ sediment 29 of sampling site 1, sediment 6 ~ sediment 20 of sampling site 2 and sediment 7 ~ sediment 33 of sampling site 3. On the bottom layers or near the bottom layers from the three sampling sites, high densities of Arundinoideae and Andropogoneae were detected. It indicates that these layers were wet soil environment when they were sedimented. From near bottoms up to surfaces, the densities of Arundinoideae and Andropogoneae were abruptly decreased, while the density of Oryza sativa was sharply increased. With these results, it should be considered that the rice cultivation was started from the Bronze Age on this region.