• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.55-75
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of employment related factors on household savings for precautionary purposes when controlling for financial security and to compare the results between the two different economic periods. A conceptual framework was developed based on the precautionary saving theory, the family stress theory, and previous empirical studies. As a self-insurance, a measure of security funds were developed and used as the dependent variable. Using data on working households in the 1992 and the 1998 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), a MLE estimation was conducted on the pooled data. The 1992 and 1998 data were used to reflect periods of economic recession and expansion, respectively. The results suggested that factors representing resources played the most significant role in determining the amount of security funds. Some of the employment related factors, preferences, financial security, and race were also significantly affected the amount of security funds. The results suggested that stable employment conditions were important for households to accumulate security funds. Households with more human resources and financial resources had a larger amount of security funds than those that had less human and financial resources. From the findings, implications for research, policies, and financial educators had been suggested.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2013

Purpose: The present study combines both tax structures and pension funds as the factors of economic importance and explores the impact of both (pension funds and tax rates) on the economic growth in context of OECD nations. Research Design, Data and Methodology: Last forty years data on these variables is taken for study purpose. A Sample size of thirty four nations which form the part of OECD nations was taken for study purpose. Results: Regression analysis (linear) was used to find out relationship between tax structure, Pension funds and economic growth. Conclusion: The results are important for nations increasing their expenditure for social contribution.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.128-132
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• 2023

Investment authorities are broad financial institutions that carefully manage investments on behalf of the national government using a long-term value development approach. To provide a stronger structure or framework for In-vestment Authorities to govern the distribution of funds to public and private markets, we've started research to create a blockchain-based prototype for managing and tracking numerous finances of such authorities. We have taken the case study of Oman Investment Authority (OIA) of Sultanate of Oman. Oman's wealth is held in OIA. It is an organization that oversees and utilizes the additional capital generated by oil and gas profits in public and private markets. Unlike other Omani funds, this one focus primarily on assets outside the Sultanate. The operation of the OIA entails a huge number of transactions, necessitating a high level of transparency and administration among the parties involved. Currently, OIA relies on various manuals to achieve its goals, such as the Authorities and Responsibilities manual, the In-vestment Manual, and the Code of Business Conduct, among others. In this paper, we propose a Blockchain based framework to manage the operations of OIA. Blockchain is a part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and it is re-shaping every industry. The main components of every blockchain are assets and participants. The funds are the major assets in the proposed study, and the participants are the various fund shareholders/recipients. The block-chain's transactions are all safe, secure, and immutable, and it's part of a trustless network. The transactions are simple to follow and verify. By replacing intermediary firms with smart contracts, blockchain-based solutions eliminate any middlemen in the fund allocation process.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.57-94
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• 2000

Korea's social health insurance system was introduced in 1977, which has made a universal coverage possibly by July 1989. Korean government had pursued a single objective for the last decade to put the whole population under the coverage of medical security, and the objective was achieved within 12 years. The rapid accomplishment is primarily due to such factors as limited benefits, high copayment rate, low contributions as well as rapid economic growth. There are several sources of pressure for the implementation of social health insurance such as health professional group, labor unions, politicians, international organizations etc.. However it is important to look at the feasibility of social health insurance. Among other things, it is necessary to identify the administrative infrastructure of insurance system and to assess income for source of fund. As many developed countries, Korea began to apply health insurance to the employees of the large firms, and the expansion based on employment status. Thus the several funds system was inevitable according to the gradual expansion strategy. However many persons had criticized several funds system in respect with equity and efficiency aspects. In the short history of the Korean health insurance, whether one fund or sever or funds had been the most controversial issue. In Febrary 1999, the National Assembly passed the act of one fund system. From July 2000 separate funds will be unifed under new health insurance scheme. In this study we will analyze the policy making process on implementation, expansion and integration of health insurance system of Korea. And also analyse problems related to policy making.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2013

Purpose: The South African government is determined in alleviating poverty while encouraging job creation and protecting the disposable incomes of poor households. This article looks at the challenges that are facing the South African Social Security system and argues that the provision of income security is amongst the most practical expressions of a nation's cohesion and values. Research Design, Data and Methodology: There are seven proposals in the Social Security and Retirement Reform and these proposals are based on the following two principal objectives of the government, that is, to ensure a basic standard of living and to prevent destitution in old age or in circumstances of unemployment or incapacity partly or wholly through redistributive measures, and to encourage savings to provide for the replacement of income on retirement, disablement or death through long-term insurance arrangements. Results: This article evaluates these seven proposals, state old age pension, wage subsidy, mandatory participation in a national social security system for all, mandatory participation in private occupational or individual retirement funds, Voluntary additional contributions to occupational or individual retirement funds, reform of the governance and regulation of the retirement funding industry and reform of the tax system. Conclusion: This article concludes that the population size of South Africa has increased significantly to 51, 8 million in 2011 and therefore the time is right for bold new steps in improving income security of the poor and strengthening the fabric of social solidarity that binds all South Africans together.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2021

This article substantiates the scientific provisions for modelling the level of Ukraine's public financial security taking into account the impact of budget policy, in the process of which identified indicators of budget policy that significantly affect the public financial security and the factors of budget policy based on regression analysis do not interact closely with each other. A seven-factor regression equation is constructed, which is statistically significant, reliable, economically logical, and devoid of autocorrelation. The objective function of maximizing the level of public financial security is constructed and strategic guidelines of budget policy in the context of Ukraine's public financial security are developed, in particular: optimization of the structure of budget revenues through the expansion of the resource base; reduction of the budget deficit while ensuring faster growth rates of state and local budget revenues compared to their expenditures; optimization of debt serviced from the budget through raising funds from the sale of domestic government bonds, mainly on a long-term basis; minimization of budgetary risks and existing threats to the public financial security by ensuring long-term stability of budgets etc.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2022

With the ever-increasing frequency of public sector and smalls-cale industries going live on the internet in developing countries, their security of which, while crucial, is often overlooked in most cases. This is especially true in Government services, whilst essential, are poorly monitored if at all. This is due to lack of funds and personnel. Most available software which can help these organizations monitor their services are either expensive or very outdated. Thus, there is a need for any developing country to develop a networking monitoring system. However, developing a network monitoring system is still a challenge and expensive and out sourcing network monitoring system to third party is a security threat. Therefore, in this article we propose a method to anonymize network logs and outsource networking monitoring system to third-party without breach in integrity of their network logs.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제51권
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• pp.5-28
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• 2002

본고는 1990년대 중반부터 벌어진 미국의 사회보장연금 개혁논쟁의 내용과 쟁점 그리고 그 성격을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 미국의 사회보장연금이 적립방식으로 시작했다가 부과방식으로 전환한 과정, 논쟁의 기본 안이 된 사회방청 자문위원회의 세 가지 안, 이 세 안을 다소 변형시킨 정치계와 기업계 및 학계의 각종 제안들을 분석했으며, 각 안들의 비교 분석을 통해 주요 쟁점들을 추출하여 비판적으로 논의하였다. 최대 쟁점은 개인계정의 신설 여부와 펀드의 관리운영 주체를 정부로 할 것인가 아니면 민간투자회사로 할 것인가의 여부 및 사회보장연금의 세대간 소득계층간 재분배 효과에 있다는 사실을 규명했다. 동시에 핵심 쟁점을 둘러싼 입장의 차이도 밝혔다. 민영화를 주장하는 입장(IA 및 PSA 지지자)에서는 사회보장연금의 세대내 소득계층간 재분배 기능보다는 개인적 형평성과 저축제고 효과 그리고 민간의 관리운영과 민간 자본시장에의 투자를 선호했고, 부과방식 옹호자들(MB 지지자)은 사회보장연금의 세대간 소득계층간 재분배의 기능의 여전히 유효하고, 부과방식 연금의 기본 틀을 유지하면서 약간의 개혁(사회보장 세율의 인상과 급여 수준의 하향조정)으로 재정불건전 문제를 해결할 수 있다고 보는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2011년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.69-70
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• 2011

During the financial crisis in the late 1990s, we witnessed the large corporations failing at one moment. It is clear that the debt-dependant size augmentation and duplicate investment, and the failure in fund liquidity adjustment were the greatest causes rather than the long-term strategic advantage. Such fact, however, has led to the introduction of advanced financial techniques and security/management of fund liquidity. In order to propose a method to secure fund liquidity at the construction level, this study considers the documentational/precedent studies on project financing among fund procurement methods. And the fund liquidity status at construction level is investigated domestically/internationally to analyze the fund flow. Finally, the actual data is used to analyze progress rate and sales rate to end with the proposal of the method to secure fund liquidity in the progression of this study.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제75권
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• pp.29-48
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• 2017

This study describes the retention of title under UCC. UCC ${\S}$ 2-401 prescribes that any retention or reservation by the seller of the title (property) in goods shipped or delivered to the buyer is limited in effect to a reservation of a security interest. It means that the retention of title generates a security interest in the same way like a charge. To be effective, a security interest must be attached or perfected. Once attachment occurs, a security interest is enforceable against the buyer. Once a security interest is perfected, a security interest is enforceable against third parties. Under UCC, a simple retention of title clause is valid as long as it is incorporated into the contract of sale. If the seller acquires a perfected security interest, he as a secured party can enjoy a priority against other creditors. But if a security interest is not perfected but PMSI is afforded, the seller has a special priority. Secondly, under UCC ${\S}$ 9-335 and 9-336, if a security interest under an enlarged retention of title clause is perfected, the seller as the secured party has a valid security interest in the product or mass into which his goods have been mixed or commingled. But in terms of assession of goods, as the seller has a security interest only in his goods, if the seller wants to enlarge his security interest in the whole, a security agreement should cover its intention. Thirdly, under UCC ${\S}$ 9-315, a security interest in proceeds of subsale of goods supplied by the seller is a perfected security interest if the security interest in the original collateral was perfected. But if the proceeds are cash proceeds, it should be identifiable from other funds of the buyer.