• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-112
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• 2015

In this study, laboratory test equipment was designed and installed to evaluate the thermal behavior of bentonite, which is used as a buffer in high-level waste disposal systems. The thermal analysis was conducted to verify the test results using ABAQUS, a finite element analysis code. In view of the seasonal changes seen during the test, the thermal behavior of bentonite with a temperature of outside air was evaluated. Of the cases examined, the results of the analysis model using stainless steel (Case 3) approximates to the test results, showing an error of about 1℃. The results of the thermal analysis into seasonal temperature distributions are consistent with trends seen in lab-test results. These analyses show that the effects of the thermal conductivity of the material surrounding the buffer and outside air temperature, are very important factors in the thermal behavior of bentonite. In the future, it is expected that a moisture saturation test of a bentonite buffer containing a heat source will be carried out. Therefore, the development of a numerical analysis model is required for the prediction and verification of the laboratory test results.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.45-57
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to initiate a systematic approach to maximize profits through continuous development of menu and build a strong image of Western restaurants located inside hotels by identifying their guests' knowledge and concern and menu selection behavior in well being trend. Findings from the analysis are as follows. First, among the Western menu selection behavior, organic grain and seafood, seasonal event menu, less spicy and more natural cooking methods are favored as the most important consideration. Second, customers' knowledge and concern in well being trend and menu selection behavior were found to be statistically significant. Third, customers' awareness in health and obesity were found to be statistically significant to the concern in well being trend. Fourth, demographical characteristics of customers such as gender, marital status, age, income level and education were tested for their relationships with knowledge and concern in well being trend.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 1990

Morphology, anatomy and diurnal acid fluctuations were investigated monthly for the succulent C4 dicot Portulaca grandiflora Hook. growing under natural environmental conditions. Modified Kranz-Type sturcture and typical CAM-like cells were shown in leaves and stems, respectively. Values of indices of mesophyll succulence inleaves stems were 5.62 and 16.68, respectively. The number of stomata were 1476$\textrm{cm}^{-2}$ in leaves while the stomata in stems were not observed through growing seasons from spring to summer. However, on Sep. 16, 1981 in defoliate autumn season, stomata were begun to be produced for the first time in stems and the number were increased gradually to 216$\textrm{cm}^{-2}$ on Oct. 29. This feature can be interpreted as a seasonal plant dimorphism. P. grandiflora exhibited a diurnal fluctuation of titratable acidity in leaves and stems. Seasonal amplitudes of acid fluctuation in stems were as follows: 27 $\mu$eq./g.f.wt. on Sep. 21; 57$\mu$eq/g.f.wt. on Oct. 3; 80$\mu$eq./g.f.wt. on Oct. 21. Such the results in seasonal amplitude were able to consider due to decrease of light period and cool night air temperature according to change of season. Also, the naturally defoliated stems which had already stomata exhibited usual diurnal acid fluctuation, on the other hand the treated stems which possessed artificially closed stomata showed a few of acid fluctuation. Especially, stomata in stems are developed by seasonal dimorphism and activated stomata participate in CAM behavior of stems.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.147-160
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• 2005

This study examines trends of web query types and topics submitted to NAVER during one year period by analyzing query logs and click logs. There was a seasonal difference in the distribution of query types. Query type distribution was also different between weekdays and weekends, and between different days of the week. The log data show seasonal changes in terms of the topics of queries. Search topics seem to change between weekdays and weekends, and between different days of the week. However, there was little change in overall patterns of search behavior across one year. The implications for system designers and web content providers are discussed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.91-96
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• 1997

In order to investigate the behavior of particulate carbon and benzo(a)pyrene(B(a)P) in the ambient air, suspended particle matters were collected from April, 1990 to February, 1992, and total carbon(TC), organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and B(a)P were measured by an elemental analyzer and a HPLC. The results were as follows the average concentration of TC was 38.6 $\mug/m^3$ and its concentration was higher in winter(45.4 $\mug/m^3$) and fa11(44.3 $\mug/m^3$) than in summer(36.8 $\mug/m^3$) and spring(28.9 $\mug/m^3$). The monthly concentration trends both of EC and OC was similar, but seasonal variation of EC concentrations was larger than that of OC. The average concentration of B (a)P was 2.2 ng/m$^3$, and was higher in winter(4.1 ng/m$^3$) and fall(3.2 ng/m$^3$) than in spring(1.2 ng/m$^3$) and summer(0.6 ng/m$^3$). The seasonal behavior of carbon and B(a)P was to similar except for summer. The correlation coefficient(r) between EC and B(a)P was 0.71, and the correlation coefficient(r) between OC and B(a)P was 0.66.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2013

This paper presents the results of a numerical investigation into the behavior of retaining wall subject to cycles of freezing and thawing due to seasonal temperature change. The thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled finite element modeling strategy was first established to simulate the wall behavior. A series of finite element analyses were then performed on a range of conditions representing seasonal temperature change characteristics. The results indicated that the average freezing temperature and the number of cycles of freezing and thawing were the primary influencing factors for the wall behavior. Also revealed was that the duration of freezing period does not significantly affect the wall displacement and the lateral earth pressure, and that the earth pressure on the wall does not significantly change due to the freezing and thawing action suggesting that the increase in the wall displacement during the freezing and thawing action may be attributed to degradation of backfill due to the freezing and thawing action.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.102-114
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• 2019

There are various researchers who studied the relationship between seasons and feelings. However, only a few did shed light on how these two variables affect decision-making and physical behaviors especially prosocial behavior which emphasize on the benefits of other people and/or society as a whole. Due to a lack of studies on the topic, we investigated whether the combination of seasons and message framing could be useful in eliciting intention to help on an environmental issue. A 3x2 experiment examined the interactions between seasonal mood (summer, winter, controlled) and types of message framing (gain, loss) on future helping intention (volunteer, donation, petition signing). The findings suggest that in normal circumstances where seasonal mood were not applied, gain message framing was more effective in promoting higher intention to sign a petition than loss message framing. However, when thinking of winter, loss message framing has greater ability to do so than gain message framing. Moreover, seasons and mood are found to be associated with a higher positive mood in summer and a negative mood in winter. Lastly, limitations and implications are discussed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.10
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• pp.3878-3887
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• 2022

For the future energy-mix policy for carbon neutrality, demand for the capability of load-follow operation has emerged in nuclear power plants in order to accommodate the intermittency of renewable energy. The short-term decay heat analysis is also required to evaluate the decay heat level varied by the power level change during the load-follow operation, which is a very important parameter in terms of short-term decay heat removal during a grace time. In this study, the short-term decay heat level for 10 days after the shutdown was evaluated for both seasonal and daily load-follow cases. Additionally, the nuclide-wise contribution to the accumulated decay heat for 10 days was analyzed for further understanding of the short-term decay heat behavior. The result showed that in the seasonal case, the decay heat level was mainly determined by the power level right before the shutdown and the amount of each nuclide was varied with the power variation due to the long variation interval of 90 days. Whereas, in the daily case, the decay heat level was strongly impacted by the average power level during operation and meaningful mass variations for those nuclides were not observed due to the short variation interval of 0.5 days.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.261-269
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• 2023

During a nuclear power plant (NPP) accident, radioactive material may be released into the surrounding environment in the form of a radioactive plume. The behavior of the radioactive plume is influenced by meteorological factors such as wind direction and speed. If the residents are evacuated to a shelter in the direction of the flow of the radioactive plume, the radiation exposure of the residents may increase, contrary to the purpose of the evacuation. To avoid such an undesirable outcome, this paper applies a big data analysis to evaluate the suitability of the shelter locations near 5 NPPs in the Republic of Korea in terms of the seasonal wind direction frequency in those areas. To this end, the wind data measured around the NPPs from 2016 to 2020 were analyzed to derive the seasonal wind direction frequency using a big data analysis. These analyses results were then used to determine how many shelters around NPPs locate in areas with prevailing wind direction per season. Then, suggestions were made on the direction for residents not to evacuate, if possible, that is, the prevailing seasonal wind directions for 5 NPPs, depending on the season in which the accident occurs.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.601-614
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• 2018

This study presents structural and parametric analyses on the behavior of an integrated and pile-bent abutment with mechanically stabilized earth wall (IPM) bridge. The IPM bridge is an integral abutment bridge (IAB) with partially protruded piles, which excludes earth pressure by means of a mechanically stabilized earth wall developed by the authors. The results of the analysis indicate that the IPM bridge, as any other IAB, is influenced to a large extent by temperature and time-dependent loads. When these loads are applied, the stress on a pile in the IPM bridge decreases as the displacement of the pile top increases, because the piles protrude from the ground surface and no soil reaction is generated on the protruded pile. Because the length of an IAB is restricted by the forces acting on its piles, the IPM bridge is an effective alternative to extend its length.