• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.759-765
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• 2021

Recently, summer temperatures have frequently been abnormal in Korea owing to global warming. In summer, a decrease in feed intake rate and biological activity were observed in Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle), leading to lower production rates in the industry. However, the precise scale of damage was not reported as with other animals of economic value. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of birth season on birth weight in Hanwoo. Data were collected from 100 local breeding farms from 2016 to 2019. A total of 41,081 Hanwoo calves were classified and analyzed by sex, year, month, and season (March-May, spring; June-August, summer; September-November, fall; and December-February, winter) of birth. The birth weight of Hanwoo calves differed according to birth month. The average birth weight of male calves was 30.47 kg and that of female calves was 28.16 kg. Hanwoo birth weight was the highest in March-born calves and the lowest in July-born calves. The birth weights of calves born in February, March, April, November, and December were significantly larger than those of calves born in July. In addition, the birth weight of Hanwoo calves from the summer was significantly lower than that of calves born in other seasons. Furthermore, Hanwoo steer slaughter age showed a negative correlation, whereas carcass weight had a positive correlation with birth weight. In the beef cattle industry, birth weight is a very important economic characteristic that is related to growth rate. These data will contribute toward planning the reproduction of Hanwoo and analysis of changes in characteristics of economic value owing to high temperatures.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 2019

Milk fever is a metabolic disease with manifestation of clinical signs due to hypocalcemia, which usually occurs within 48-72 h after delivery. However, even after a successful treatment of milk fever, recurrence of milk fever may occur, and studies on recurrent milk fever are still lacking. Accordingly, the present study was conducted for the purpose of identifying the characteristics of recurrent milk fever according to farm, season, parity, and dystocia that can cause physiological changes in the mother during peri- and postpartum periods. The analysis results showed that the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever according to breeding farm was 5.7%-14.1% and 3.1%-7.2%, respectively, demonstrating a positive correlation between the initial and recurrent milk fever (r = 0.613, p < 0.01). With respect to season, the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever during summer was 12.3% and 7.5%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of other seasons (p < 0.05). In addition, the recurrence rate, the ratio of recurrence relative to initial milk fever, was highest during summer with 62.7%. Regarding parity, the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever in 3rd parity was 11.1% and 5.8%, respectively, which was significantly higher than in 1st and 2nd parity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the recurrence rate in 4th parity was 64.1%, showing a pattern of increase in incidence rate with increase in parity. Finally, there were no differences in the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever according to eutocia and dystocia. The findings indicated that the incidence rate of initial milk fever should be reduced to effectively prevent the recurrent milk fever, while animals with 3rd parity or higher should be expected to occur high rate of recurrent milk fever, especially during summer, and the necessary preparations should be made for intensive treatment of such individuals.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.533-536
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• 2005

[ ${\beta}$-Cryptoxanthin ] contents were determined from Citrus unshiu Markovich fruits grown in a greenhouse and open field of Jeju Island, off the southern coast of Korea. In a greenhouse and open field, the ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin content in the peel was greatly increased by harvesting citrus fruits in the late season from August through November. However, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin content in the flesh was gradually increased and was superior to that of the citrus fruits grown in a greenhouse. ${\beta}$-Cryptoxanthin was efficiently purified from the flesh of citrus fruits harvested in the late harvesting season in November. The ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin contents in the peel and flesh of citrus fruits harvested from a greenhouse in November were 0.89 mg% and 0.35 mg%, respectively, and in that obtained from an open field were 1.12 mg% and 0.35 mg%, respectively.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2002

As the natural flows in rivers dramatically decrease during drought season in Korea, a deterioration of river water quality is accelerated. Thus, consideration of downstream water quality responding to changes in reservoir release is essential for an integrated watershed management with regards to water quantity and quality. In this study, water quality models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) method were developed using historical downstream water quality (rm $\NH_3$-N) data obtained from a water treatment plant in Geum river and reservoir release data from Daechung dam. A nonlinear multiple regression model was developed and compared with the ANN models. In the models, the rm NH$_3$-N concentration for next time step is dependent on dam outflow, river water quality data such as pH, alkalinity, temperature, and rm $\NH_3$-N of previous time step. The model parameters were estimated using monthly data from Jan. 1993 to Dec. 1998, then another set of monthly data between Jan. 1999 and Dec. 2000 were used for verification. The predictive performance of the models was evaluated by comparing the statistical characteristics of predicted data with those of observed data. According to the results, the ANN models showed a better performance than the regression model in the applied cases.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.213-218
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• 1973

Raynaud attempted to clarify the situation concerning symmetrical and spontaneous gangrene in a thesis published in 1952. The disease was defined as Raynaud`s phenomenon without associated and contributing conditions or disease, and described as two types, such as, `locale syncope and asphyxia` and `gangrene`. Predilection of Raynaud`s disease for female under 40 years of age wi-thout any vascular occlusive disease beginning in the early decades of life and typical color changes in the skin of the extremities incited by coldness are outstanding features in this disease. One typical case of Raynaud`s disease is presented with relating references. Patient was 24 year old female single patient, who noted pain, numbness, and cyanosis of the finger tips of both hands for 6 years previously in the winter season, and recently such symptoms were aggravated including her both feet for two years even in the summer after exposure to cold water. Physical and laboratory examination revealed nothing specific except slightly glistening tight face and hypertrophy of both finger tips with clammy coldness. FamiliaI and past history revealed nothing specific abnormal contributory factors. Biopsy of skin on the dorsum of right foot one year before this admission revealed no evidence of scleroderma. Treatment was aimed to relieve vasospasmodic reaction to coldness and was very successful with bilateral lumbar and thoracic sympathectomy. Patient is free of symptoms relating to the Raynaud’s phenomenon after sympathectomy for 6 months including winter season.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1430-1434
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• 2005

We conducted two experiments to assess the effect of transfer from housing to grazing on stress hormone secretion in cattle using urine samples. In a preliminary experiment, urine samples were collected following an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) challenge, and cortisol levels in urine were compared with the levels in plasma. In a second experiment, urinary cortisol was measured before and after the start of a grazing season in 6 Japanese Shorthorn cows, all of which had experienced grazing before. In experiment 1, urinary cortisol showed a pattern of changes similar to that of plasma with a 0.5-h temporal lag time, and the peak levels were 4 to 10 times higher than the basal levels. In experiment 2, the urinary cortisol levels in cows did not change after the cows were let out to pasture, with no decreases in body weight. This study suggests that the transfer from housing to grazing did not affect physiological responses to cause high excretion of urinary cortisol in grazing-experienced cattle using a non-invasive sampling method.

• KCID journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.54-65
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• 2011

This study was performed to analyze the influence of pollutant loads characteristics on the point and non-point sources in Saemangeum watershed area using Hydrological Simulation Program, Fortran (HSPF). The simulation items were flow, BOD, T-N, and T-P(2007~2010). The pollutant loads trend reflects the precipitation. Specifically, the point source loads were almost constant, but the non-point source loads were influenced in the precipitation. It was found that the effect of non-point source is larger than point source. The water quality had a clear trend by the season. However, pollutant loads did not show distinct seasonal changes. The reason is that the pollutant concentration is diluted by the increased flow at summer season. Therefore, it is important to control the non-point source in order to manage water quality in the region. For the management of Saemangeum lake, it is need to control of supplied pollutant loads from Saemangeum watershed.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2012

Seasonal variations in the profile and concentrations of essential oil in Zanthoxylum piperitum were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seasonal changes in the percentages of the main constituents of the essential oil of both leaves and fruits from Z. piperitum varied. Variations in essential oil yield and the amount of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in leaves and fruits at different developmental stages were significant. The characteristic content of essential oil in leaves was determined mainly due to the content of monoterpenes, and that in fruits was determined largely due to the sesquiterpenes. Twenty-nine compounds in the oil from Z. piperitum leaves were detected; the major compounds were ${\beta}$-phellandrene (26.90%), citronella (15.32%), ${\beta}$-myrcene (3.24%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (2.79%), trans-caryophyllene (2.66%), and fanesyl acetate (2.30%). The highest yield of oil (43.89%) in Z. piperitum leaves was obtained in May but decreased gradually beginning in June. The yield of essential oil from Z. piperitum leaves during early periods was higher than that during later periods and usually decreased from early maturation stages to subsequent stages. However, in contrast to leaves, the oil yield in Z. piperitum fruit increased in June, and oil yield later in the season was higher than that earlier in the season. These results indicate that the essential oil produced from Z. piperitum leaves at the early developmental stages was stored in leaves, and might be transferred to fruit at the final developmental stages.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.609-616
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• 2005

A high ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) concentration has been recursively observed every winter season in Geum River, which hindered chemical treatment processes at a water treatment plant. A flushing discharge from Daecheong Dam was often considered to dilute $NH_3-N$, but information on the quantitative effect of flushing on the downstream water quality was limited. In this study, the impact of a short-term reservoir flushing on the downstream water quality was investigated through field experiments and unsteady water quality modeling. On November 22, 2003, the reservoir discharge was increased from $30m^3/sec$ to $200m^3/sec$ within 6 hours for the purpose of the experiment. The results showed that flushing flow tends to reduce downstream $NH_3-N$ concentrations considerably, but the effectiveness was limited by flushing amount and time. An unsteady river water quality model was applied to simulate the changes of nitrogen concentrations in response to reservoir flushing. The model showed very good performance in predicting the travel time of flushing flow and the effect of flushing discharge on the reduction of downstream $NH_3-N$ concentrations at Maepo and Geumnam site, but a significant discrepancy was observed at Gongju site.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to inform teachers or researchers relating teaching boys and girls of basic data for valid obesity education. The researcher collected 10 students(5 boys and 5 girls) and measured skinfold thickness and body-fat-percentile(% body fat) on 3 parts of the body every month during a year. The researcher checked the spring(March), summer(July), autumn(October) and winter(January) data consecutively and tried to answer the question that which season especially need the preventive education of obesity. The result as followed ; 1. The skinfold and BFP in summer were more bigger than those in winter but these differences were not significant. 2. Girls have a propensity to get higher skinfold and BFP than boys but these differences were not significant neither. Briefly speaking, in 12 months, the skinfold and BFP(compared in summer) in winter season has the highest and it showed that it was necessary to teach students to preserve their appropriate body fat through diverse activities. The researcher expects successive studies for much more students and by type of students are executed for supporting these results.