• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.99-116
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• 2001

Testing is a procedure used to measure a sample of behaviour in order to discover how well a seafarer performs, usually in comparison with others, or compared with identified performance criteria. In this context It is important that the test, in whatever form it is being used, yields consistent results by being valid, reliable and practical. Whilst we can only take a sample of a person's knowledge or comprehension about topic in this way, testing methods do provide a more reliable estimate of performance than most other observational techniques; unsystematic or irregular observation being too unreliable. The method of examination has been specified in the provisions of Regulation 12 of the Decree of the ship officers act as followings. Other necessary matters for conducting oral and written examinations have been set out by the Minister. But written examination is too shortage of period and small number of question to cover the qualification of each level and oral test is just simple and namely Traditionally, written examinations have been provided as the only means for determining the acquisition of knowledge by the mariner. Typically, the examination formats have taken the format of either an essay or multiple choice examinations. Essay items, used in the vast majority of subject examination(not in Korea), consisted of three basic types: situational, descriptive and computational. The level of certificate being examined determined the number and mix of the type of essay questions selected. Oral question has again been used by assessors of seafarer in a wide variety of contexts. Also, oral questioning is often used when observation of performance is undertaken to ask why a certain action has been taken, or to be broaden the scope of what has been observed. At end, Each techniques have their own advantage and disadvantage, so we have to choose some or all of the following techniques, depending upon the certificate, qualification or job for which the trainee is aiming. But in high lank, we have to use both of essay type and multiple choice and with enough time of oral test at least 30 minutes. Who would be the assessor? According to the STCW Code Section A-I/6, instructors, supervisor and assessors are appropriately qualified for particular types and levels of training or assessment of competence of seafarers either on board or ashore, as required under the Convention, in accordance with the provisions of this section.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.629-635
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• 2007

Reduced crew performance is frequently cited as a major causal factor in maritime accident causation. Although considerable research has been conducted on the hours of work undertaken by seafarers through interviews and the analysis of records, experimental studies to observe the effects of factors such as high workload, shift patterns, stress, sleep deprivation and disturbance on the cognitive performance of mariners have been limited. Other safety-critical transport industries, such as aviation and rail, have developed fatigue management tools to help manage the work patterns of their operators. Such a tool for mariners would assist shipboard crew, marine pilots and shore management in planning and improving work schedules. The overall aim of this paper is to determine a fatigue factor, which can be applied to human performance data, as part of a software program that calculates total cognitive performance. This program enables us to establish the levels of cognitive performance of a group of marine pilots to test a decision-making task based on radar information. This paper addresses one of the factors that may contribute to the determination of various fatigue factors: the effect of different work patterns on the cognitive performance of a marine pilot.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.312-317
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• 2015

Seafarers can confront to evacuate from the ship with many reasons such as collision, grounding and fire accident. It believes that evacuation time from ship is very important element in order to increase survival rate in the contingency circumstance, however narrow and complex structure of ship is one of obstacle element against prompt evacuation. Taking into consideration the unique structure of ship compared to the structure of other facilities, speed of fire propagation on board ship is faster than the same size of other type facilities. Therefore, measures to prompt evacuation are required. But it comes with the behavioral constraints of the crews and passengers of the nature of operating in a complex structure with narrow vessels. Therefore, in this study, we propose a formula to be analyzed by theoretical approach and simulation methods to improve the survival rate for the crew and passenger of the ship through the ship's structural modification. We analyzed the temperature rise and visibility which are the most influential effects on the life safety in the event of fire by using a three-dimensional analysis of sight-only program Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) as analytical tools.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.151-158
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• 2018

Students from the Maritime universities enrolled themselves into one year navigational training, according to The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarer(STCW). The purpose of this paper is to analyze if the students demonstrate improvements and accomplishments while they participate in their practical training. The subjects are third year students of the Korea Maritime and Ocean University who were onboard the Training Ship of the University. The purpose of this paper is to cover the degree of improvement by training, based on the core competency of officers. We also present the basic data for the efficiency in the curriculum of the practical training course for the school. As a result of the research, most of the students showed high improvements in their core competency subjects at the end of their one-year training. However, subjects such as cargo management and protection of the maritime environment resulted in below average results. These were some of the areas that needed improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.433-440
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• 2019

Offshore working environments such as ships, offshore oil and gas plants, and offshore wind turbines are isolated and directly exposed to rough seas, which pose high risks of safety accidents. Therefore, all workers in offshore plants should be able to cope with emergency situations and must be qualified according to relevant laws and regulations such as the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW Convention) and Offshore Petroleum Industry Training Organization (OPITO) standards. In particular, marine workers should be able to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in isolated locations or enclosed and confined spaces such as those in life-boats, life-rafts, rescue-boats, etc. Because the floor material is made of rubber, it may be difficult to perform chest compressions in life-rafts used to escape from emergency situations in ships or offshore plants. Chest compressions performed on life-rafts may reduce the accuracy of CPR and increase fatigue for those providing aid. To measure the accuracy and fatigue of those performing CPR in life-rafts, 15 experimenters with more than five years of experience as first aid instructors were exposed to different CPR environments in a marine safety training center equipped with an artificial wave generator. The results showed that the accuracy of CPR in the classroom was 99.6 %, but that in various life-raft environments was only 84 %. T-verification of the two sites confirmed the reduced accuracy of CPR performed on life-rafts. CPR on life-rafts should be performed in groups of two and with the use of automated chest compression devices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 2022

The Marine Accident Investigation and Tribunal System is intended to provide a credible solution to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents. When a marine accident occurs, the Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal seeks to find its root causes through an analysis of what provoked the accident. It also contributes to the development of safety policies or practices by making a decision based on the findings. However, if the decision presented as the root cause of a marine accident is ambiguous or unclear, it may be difficult to achieve its intended goal. Hence, if we read some of the decisions of the Maritime Safety Tribunal, it is selective to directly apply the cause of an accident as a source of the measures that can prevent its recurrence. A typical example of this is the expression: "when a seafarer neglects ordinary practice of seaman." The term "ordinary practice of seaman" has been criticized for being used in some decisions like a master key where it is not easy to determine which specific rules or regulations were violated or blame the involved seafarers. Such term is present in Article 2 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972. For the proper use of the term, this paper seeks to compare and establish the concepts of "ordinary practice of seaman" and the duty of care by providing a systematic interpretation of the original text. In addition, the duty of care was reviewed from the perspective of administrative, civil, and criminal laws. Furthermore, relevant legal precedents were reviewed and presented in the study. Accordingly, it is expected that the term "ordinary practice of seaman" would be properly used in decisions that contribute to the prevention of the recurrence of similar marine accidents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2022

The term "ordinary practice of seaman" is applied to hold the responsibility of those involved in marine accidents. However, there is a concern that the responsibilities of seamen may become unclear as the ordinary practices of the seamen are imposed. In addition, the responsibility for improvement is diluted by mentioning the ordinary practice of seaman when the navigation rules stipulated in the COLREGs is clearly violated. The maritime safety investigation and tribunal system thoroughly analyzes the causes of marine accidents to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents. As one cause that does not contribute to the prevention of the recurrence of similar accidents, it would be appropriate to exclude the term "ordinary practice of seaman" as far as possible. Accordingly, I reviewed the reason for the existence of the maritime safety investigation system and ways to improve the application of the term "ordinary practice of seaman," which is recognized as a customary and an unconventional navigation rule, by examining the theories on the ordinary practice of seaman and analyzing cases of court judgments and decisions in the Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal. I also proposed a modern interpretation on the responsibility for proper and purposeful application. In addition, from the viewpoint of preventing the recurrence of maritime accidents, it is suggested that the nounized term in Korea be replaced with the descriptive term.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1051-1058
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• 2021

Barges that are towed by tugs do not have navigation capabilities and are usually connected to tugs. These kinds of combined navigation schemes have generated almost ten percent of all maritime accidents in the last five years. The study aims to reduce maritime accidents with barges towed by tugs by analyzing navigation characteristics and the current status of such combined navigation schemes. The analysis consists of the lesson learned from each verdict. The result of the study emphasizes that human factors continue to be the primary cause of maritime accidents with barges and tugs. Additionally, the research proposes that effective advertising for improving maritime safety by reducing towing barge maritime accidents should be created through associations of tugs and barges. Furthermore, relevant re-training must be conducted by maritime training institutions. The results of the study are expected to apply to the improvement of maritime safety through the advertisements to seafarers.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.155-166
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• 2023

Trend analysis and time series analysis were conducted to predict the demand of manpower under the smartization of shipping and port logistics with transportation survey data of Statistic Korea during the period from 2000 to 2020 and Statistical Yearbook data of Korean Seafarers from 2004 to 2021. A linear regression model was adopted since the validity of the model was evaluated as the highest in forecasting manpower demand in the shipping and port logistics industry. As a result of forecasting the demand of manpower in autonomous ship, remote ship management, smart shipping business, smart port, smart warehouse, and port logistics service from 2021 to 2035, the demand for smart shipping and port logistics personnel was predicted to increase to 8,953 in 2023, 20,688 in 2030, and 26,557 in 2035. This study aimed to increase the predictability of manpower demand through objective estimation analysis, which has been rarely conducted in the smart shipping and port logistics industry. Finally, the result of this research may help establish future strategies for human resource development for professionals in smart shipping and port logistics by utilizing the demand forecasting model described in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.930-938
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• 2023

Maritime English is a specialized language system designed for ship operations, maritime safety, and external and internal communication onboard. According to the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), it is imperative that navigational officers engaged in international voyages have a thorough understanding of Maritime English including the use of Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP). This study measured students' proficiency in Maritime English using a learning and testing platform that includes voice recognition, translation, and word entry tasks to evaluate the resulting improvement in Maritime English exam scores. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate the level of platform use needed for cadets to qualify as junior navigators. The experiment began by examining the correlation between students' overall English skills and their proficiency in SMCP through an initial test, followed by the evaluation of improvements in their scores and changes in exam duration during the mid-term and final exams. The initial test revealed a significant dif erence in Maritime English test scores among groups based on individual factors, such as TOEIC scores and self-assessment of English ability, and both the mid-term and final tests confirmed substantial score improvements for the group using the platform. This study confirmed the efficacy of a learning platform that could be extensively applied in maritime education and potentially expanded beyond the scope of Maritime English education in the future.