• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2000

Effects of sea-salts on the properties of aerosol collected in a coastal region were studied by applying a gas-particle equilibrium model SCAPE to the measurement data from Korea Cheju Island in summer 1994. It was found that the observed higher ammonium concentrations in fine particles (PM2.5) than in TSP were caused by forced evaporation of ammonium in coarse fraction of aerosol by sea-salts and the degree of evaporation was quantified through an application of SCAPE. By subtracting the sea-salt fraction from the measured concentra-tions the changes of aerosol property were also studied. The concentrations of nitrate at both TSP and PM2.5 decreased when alkaline sea-salt fraction was removed from the measured data. Estimates of aerosol acidity increased for most samples with sea salt loadings, However in some cases with high mass fractions of sea-salt components the aerosol acidity of PM2.5 decreased slightly. This is though to be related with the formation of solid salt with the removal of sea-salts.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.62-66
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• 2003

해조류와 소금물을 이용하여 해조소금을 제조하고 이화학적 특성과 무기성분을 비교하였다. 해조소금 제조에 사용한 해조류의 회분함량은 미역이 22.78%로 많았고 김이 9.81%로 적었으나 무기성분으로 미역은 Na함량이 많은 반면 다시마와 톳은 K와 Ca가 많았다. 건조만 한 소금을 회화시켜 물불용해성분을 제거하면 소금의 순도가 증가하여 색이 밝아졌으며 pH와 ORP가 저하하였고, K와 Ca함량은 증가하나 Mg가 감소하였다. 해조소금의 수율은 미역소금에서 높았고 ORP는 다시마와 톳소금에서 낮았으며, K와 Ca함량은 미역소금에 비하여 다시마와 톳소금이 현저히 많았다. 해조소금 제조시 소금물의 농도가 증가하면 소금의 수율과 순도는 증가하나 pH는 저하하였고, ORP와 Ca, Mg함량이 증가하였다. 해조소금을 SEM에 의해 표면관찰 한 바 소금의 외형이 작고 특징적인 결정구조를 보였다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1970

The hydration numbers of some salts present in sea water have been calculated by a simple model for the equation of the dielectric constant, and the mean activity coefficients from the theoretical formula proposed by Jhon and Eyring. The validity of the theory for the electrolyte solution is tested by evaluating the hydration numbers and the mean activity coefficients of some 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 1:3 electrolytes in sea water. The results show good agreement with the observations.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2000

This paper presents the prediction of remaining service life of the concrete due to steel corrosion caused by the following three cases; carbonation, using sea sand and using deicing salts. The assessment of initiation period was generalized considering the existing perdiction models in the literature, corrosion experiment and field assessment. To evaluate the prediction equation of rust growth, the corrosion accelerating experiments was performed. The polarization resistance was measured by potentiostat and the conversion coefficient of polarzation resistance to corrosion rate was determined by the measurement of real mass loss. Chloride content, carbonation, cover depth, relative humidity, water-cement ratio(W/C), and the use of deicing salts were taken into account and the resulting prediction equation of rust growth was proposed on the basis of these properties. The proposed equation is to predict the rust growth during any specified period of time and be effective in particular for predicting service life of concrete in the case of using sea sand.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.413-418
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• 1998

There are several types of salts that classifed into raw salts(Chunil salt, Saeng salt), purified salts (NaCl reagent grade, Hanju salt) and processed salts(Gueun salt, Saeng kum, Bamboo salt) in Korea. Their major element is NaCl but raw salt from sea water contains other minerals such as K, Mg and S. Mineral contents of the various kinds of salt analyzed with ICP-AES and AAS were different, especially on the contents of K, Mg and Ca. Chunil salt was abundant in Ca(1,037ppm), K(3,707ppm), Mg(10,266ppm) and S(7,459ppm), and salt water from the Chunil salt contained small amounts of Pb, Al, Cr and Hg. Processed salts contained high levels of Ca, K, Mg and Fe. Especially, high levels of K, P, Fe and Ge were detected in bamboo salt. Purified salts showed regular crystal form and raw salts exhibited irregular crystal form under the SEM. The processed salts were not crystal form, but fused and irregular round form.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2000년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.682-687
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• 2000

In this research the remaining service life of the concrete due to the steel corrosion was predicted by three cases; causing carbonation, using sea sand, using deicing salts. In case of deterioration by carbonation, effective carbonation depth, effective coverage depth and relative humidity are considered for predicting method. In case of using sea sand, predicting method is made of rust growth equation from polarization resistance method. In case of using deicing salts, predicting method is made of transformation of Fick's law. Three methods are very useful in predicting service life of concrete.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.973-978
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• 2001

In clod weather regions, a strong seasonal wind brings sea salts to the land. In addition to it, recently, the spreading amount of de-icing salts has increased numerously for the purpose of removing snow and ice. Thus the salts environment around concrete structures becomes so severe that various damages of concrete due to applied salts will be brought up. It is briskly carried out study on effects of do-icing salts on concrete in America, Japan, European countries. However, there are not test method for the deterioration of concrete subjected to both freezing-thawing and chloride attack in Korea. In this study, we conduct on test for the compound deterioration subjected to both freezing-thawing and chloride attack, in order to investigate effects of de-icing salts on the deterioration of concrete.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.78-83
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• 2012

The abundant nutrients contained in deep seawater are delivered by natural upwellings from the deep sea to the surface sea. However, the natural upwelling phenomenon is limited to specific areas of the sea; in other areas, the thermocline separates the surface sea from the lower layer. Thus, the surface layer is often deficient in nutritive salts, causing the deterioration of its primary productivity and ultimately leading to an imbalance in the marine ecosystem. Without a consistent supply of nitrogenous nutritive salts, they are absorbed by phytoplankton, resulting in a considerable problem in primary productivity. To solve this issue, a floating type of artificial upwelling system is suggested to artificially pump up, distribute, and diffuse deep seawater containing rich nutritive salts. The key technologies for developing such a floating artificial upwelling system are a floating offshore structure with a large diameter riser, self-supplying energy system, density current generating system, method for estimating the emission and absorption of CO2, and way to evaluate the primary production variation. Strengthening the primary production of the sea by supplying deep seawater to the sea surface will result in a sea environment with abundant fishery resources.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2012

국내산 정제염, 천일염과 유럽산 천일염 등의 SEM에서의 형태, 무기질 성분, 보돌연변이와 암세포 in vitro 항암 기능성을 측정하였다. 정제염은 SEM을 이용한 관찰 시 구조가 규칙적이었고 천일염은 불규칙한 표면 구조를 가지고 있었다. 천일염의 크기도 차이가 있었고 프랑스 천일염과 한국천일염I은 다른 천일염보다 크기가 작았다. 무기질 함량은 프랑스 천일염과 한국 천일염I이 Ca, K, Mg 등의 함량이 다른 소금보다 더 많았다. pH도 프랑스 천일염과 한국 천일염I이 가장 높았다. 한국산 두 가지의 천일염은 무기질 함량에 따라 물리적 특성의 차이를 보였고 한국 천일염I은 프랑스 천일염과 비슷한 무기질 함량을 가지고 있었다. 소금은 보돌연변이 효과가 있었지만 특히 무기질 함량이 높았던 프랑스 천일염과 한국산 천일염I은 다른 소금보다 낮은 보돌연변이 효과를 나타내었다. HCT-116과 AGS 암세포에 대한 in vitro 항암 효과에서도 보돌연변이 효과와 비슷한 경향을 나타내었고 많은 무기질을 함유한 프랑스 천일염과 한국산 천일염I의 암세포 성장 억제효과와 암세포의 apoptosis 유도 효과가 가장 높았다. 이상의 결과로부터 소금의 기능성은 무기질 함량이 많은 천일염이 정제염보다 좋으며 천일염 중에도 Ca, K 등의 무기질 함량이 높을수록 기능성도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2000

When the concrete structures were being made with sand containing chloride ion it was knows that corrosion rate of reinforced steel embedded in concrete with chloride ion was higher than that of concrete with on chloride ion. In this study, the operation of Friedel salts affecting the corrosion behavior of reinforced steel embedded in cement mortar was investigated with electrochemical view. Corrosion potential of reinforced steel embedded in cement mortar with sand containing chloride ion was shifted noble direction than that of cement mortar with no chloride ion after immersed 5 month in natural sea water and also corrosion current density decreased with shifting corrosion potential to noble direction. However Friedel salts appeared from surface to 2.5cm of inside direction of mortar specimen, which is located at 11.5$\circ$(2$\theta$) in XRD analysis and the amount of Ca(OH)2 by SEM photograph in cement mortar with chloride ion was larger than that of cement mortar with mo chloride ion. Eventually it is suggested that Friedel salts was resulted from chloride ion and it acted as the corrosion inhibitor.