• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.194-204
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• 2004

The purpose of this literature review is to investigate what kinds of research have been done about scientific inquiry in terms of scientific argumentation in the classroom context from the upper elementary to the high school levels. First, science educators argued that there had not been differentiation between authentic scientific inquiry by scientists and school scientific inquiry by students in the classroom. This uncertainty of goals or definition of scientific inquiry has led to the problem or limitation of implementing scientific inquiry in the classroom. It was also pointed out that students' learning science as inquiry has been done without opportunities of argumentation to understand how scientific knowledge is constructed. Second, what is scientific argumentation, then? Researchers stated that scientific inquiry in the classroom cannot be guaranteed only through hands-on experimentation. Students can understand how scientific knowledge is constructed through their reasoning skills using opportunities of argumentation based on their procedural skills using opportunities of experimentation. Third, many researchers emphasized the social practices of small or whole group work for enhancing students' scientific reasoning skills through argumentations. Different role of leadership in groups and existence of teachers' roles are found to have potential in enhancing students' scientific reasoning skills to understand science as inquiry. Fourth, what is scientific reasoning? Scientific reasoning is defined as an ability to differentiate evidence or data from theory and coordinate them to construct their scientific knowledge based on their collection of data (Kuhn, 1989, 1992; Dunbar & Klahr, 1988, 1989; Reif & Larkin, 1991). Those researchers found that students skills in scientific reasoning are different from scientists. Fifth, for the purpose of enhancing students' scientific reasoning skills to understand how scientific knowledge is constructed, other researchers suggested that teachers' roles in scaffolding could help students develop those skills. Based on this literature review, it is important to find what kinds of generalizable teaching strategies teachers use for students scientific reasoning skills through scientific argumentation and investigate teachers' knowledge of scientific argumentation in the context of scientific inquiry. The relationship between teachers' knowledge and their teaching strategies and between teachers teaching strategies and students scientific reasoning skills can be found out if there is any.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.153-167
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• 2007

In this study, it is assumed that understanding the nature of science (NOS) would enhance students' performance of scientific inquiry in more authentic ways. The ultimate goal of this study is to suggest new models for developing scientific inquiry activities through understanding the NOS by linking the NOS with scientific inquiry. First, the various definitions and statements of the NOS are summarized, then the features of the developmental nature of scientific knowledge and the nature of scientific thinking based on the philosophy of science are reviewed, and finally a synthetic list of the elements of the NOS is proposed, consisting of three categories: the nature of scientific knowledge, the nature of scientific inquiry, and the nature of scientific thinking. This suggested synthetic list of the NOS is used to suggest a model of scientific inquiry through the understanding of the NOS. This list was designed to provide basic standards regarding the NOS as well as practical guidance for designing activities to improve students' understanding of the NOS.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to analyze the structural model of causal effects of students' variables on science process skills. Student characteristics investigated in the study included attitude related to the science, logical thinking ability, scientific experiences, cognitive style. Covariance structural modeling procedures were used to test causal inferences about hypothesized relationships. The sample consisted of 319 6th grade students and 321 8th grade students in Seoul City, Korea. Five instruments were used in the study, TSPS(test of science process skills), GALT(group assessment of logical thinking), CEFT(children embedded figures test), questionnaire of attitude related to the science, questionnaire of scientific experience. For statistical analysis, the study adopted the structural equation modeling with LlSREL, a computer statistical program developed by J reskog and S rbom. Major findings of the study are as follows:1) Logical thinking ability has a most strong direct effect on science process skills. 2) The structural coefficient of scientific experience influence on attitude related to the science has the greatest direct one than the others in the covariance structural model. According to the results of this study, it is very importance that various scientific experiences, particularly hands-on activity, should be offer to students to improve science process skills. Also, understanding the relationships of student variable to science process skills will be helpful to decision making on the part of curriculum developers, science teachers and researchers.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.419-429
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• 2006

This study investigated gender differences in the factors affecting elementary school students' ability to identify scientific problems. Scientific problem finding tasks, involving written instruments including IQ tests, content knowledge, science process skills, divergent thinking skills, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, personality traits, and home environment were administered to 96 elementary school students(male; 50 & female: 46). The data collected was analyzed by means of a t-test, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression analysis, and canonical correlation analysis. The finding indicated that there were significant gender differences in scientific problem finding performance. Female students were significantly higher in both total score and elaborate score of scientific problem finding than male students. Personality traits and intrinsic motivation positively and extrinsic motivation negatively predicted male students' abilities in scientific problem finding. Science process skills, personality traits and intrinsic motivation positively and extrinsic motivation negatively predicted female students' scientific problem finding and IQ positively predicted female students' elaborate score of scientific problem finding.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.118-123
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• 2010

This study is aiming to structure progressive instructional strategy for development of constructivist-thinking into the beginning stage, developmental stage, and advanced stage, then organize multiple choice, completion, descriptive, and essay problems to be suitable for each stage of the strategy, and finally, to evaluate what effects this instructional strategy has on the students' academic achievements and enhancement of their scientific essay writing skills. The results of the study are as follows. First, lessons applying the strategy for developing constructivist-thinking were more effective in enhancing student' academic achievement than the text book-oriented lecture type lessons. In changes in academic achievement, the test group, for both high and low levels, displayed a higher average than the control group, however, changes in the high level was not statistically significant and changes in the low level students were found to be statistically significant. Second, scientific essay writing skills were found to be effective in all levels of the test group and the averages in both high and low groups of the test group were higher than those of the control group and were also found to be statistically significant.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.309-318
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• 2003

Scientific reasoning is one of the main concerns in current science education. This study have tried to answer on the question whether Korean science education has the potential to help improve of students' ability to think scientifically. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between reasoning patterns evident in science textbook and science examination items, and students' scientific reasoning skills across grades in Korea. 1975 subjects (1022 females and 953 males) were administered in the Lawson's Test of Scientific Reasoning skills. Forty seven science textbooks and 240 assessment instrument were analyzed by several scientific reasoning keys. Scientific reasoning patterns were adopted from Lawson's classification which characterized the patterns as the empirical-inductive and the hypothetical-deductive. This study found that reasoning patterns evident in textbook analyses and assessment instrumental items do not evidentce the potential to stimulate the development of students' reasoning skill. In order to improve the students' abilities to think and achieve, higher levels of reasoning must be included in the science textbook and examination. Further, some of scientific reasoning processes, such as generating hypotheses, designing experiments, and logical prediction, were not found in science textbooks and test items in Korean secondary schools. This study also discussed the educational implication of these results and further studies about to develop student's reasoning ability.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.91-111
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 유아가 오감을 이용한 벼 관찰활동을 통해 유아의 과학과정기술이 어떻게 변화하는지 살펴보고자 실시되었다. 연구참여자는 경기도 오산시에 소재한 Y어린이집에 재원중인 만3세 유아 10명이었다. 유아의 과학과정기술의 변화를 살펴보기 위하여 Spradley(1980)의 참여관찰 분석과정을 최정열(2000)이 수정 보완한 분석과정을 사용하였다. 분석자료에는 유아 인터뷰 자료, 유아관찰일지, 교사 관찰기록 등이 사용되었다. 연구결과 오감을 이용한 벼 관찰활동은 유아의 과학과정기술에 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 유아는 초기에 비해 후기로 갈수록 벼에 대해 예측하기, 관찰하기, 분류하기, 비교하기, 측정하기 능력이 향상되었다. 본 연구결과는 유아의 과학적 사고 신장을 위한 교수방법의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.643-650
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• 1998

본 연구의 3단계 선다형 평가 문항은 과학적 결과와 그 결과가 나온 과정 또 그러한 과정에 관계된 과학적 개념을 함께 물어 봄으로써 과학적 탐구 사고력을 의미있게 평가할 수 있고 객관식 문항형태이지만 객관식 평가의 단점인 추측의 요인을 주관식 응답에 준하여 거의 제거할 수 있다고 판단된다. 오랜 기간동안 1단계 4지선다형 또는 5지 선다형 시험에 익숙해 있던 학생들은 3단계 선다형 문항에 매우 적용하기 어렵겠고 교사들 또한 문항을 제작하는데 많은 시간과 노력이 필요하겠지만 평가가 학생들의 학습에 미치는 영향을 고려한다면 3단계 선다형 문항의 현장 도입은 절실히 필요하다. 이의 도입은 학생들의 탐구사고력의 신장에 큰 기여를 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.105-114
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop a teaching strategy focused on problem solving process and explore its effects on science creative problem solving ability, science process skills, science academic achievements and scientific attitudes of students after applying it. Teaching strategy focused on problem solving process employed brainstorming and PMI thinking strategies. The participants were the third grade students of both an experimental class(26 students) and a comparative class(25 students) at the S elementary school located in Goyang-City, Kyonggi Province. The developed strategy was applied to the experimental class for 9 periods of 'Separation of mixture' unit. The results of the tests on the science creative problem solving ability, the science process skills, scientific achievement and scientific attitude were statistically higher in the experimental class.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.604-621
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• 1999

본 연구는 경북대학교 과학영재교육센터에서 1998학년도 신입생 선발에 사용한 과학적 사고기능 검사 및 학력검사 문항을 분석한 것이다. 과학적 사고기능 검사지는 탐구기능 검사지와 논리적 사고력 검사지의 두 소검사지로 나누어져 있으며, 이들은 원래 한국교육개발원에서 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년 학생들의 영재성을 판별하기 위하여 제작된 것이나, 초등학교 4학년부터 중학교 3학년까지의 일반 학생을 대상으로 과학 문제 해결 능력을 판별하는데 사용할 수 있도록 표준화 검사를 거쳐서 판매하는 것이며, 학력검사 문항은 수학 및 과학 전 분야의 탐구력과 사고력을 요구하는 문항으로서 본 센터에서 자체 제작한 것이다. 이러한 검사지를 사용하여 대구광역시와 경상북도 교육청 산하의 중학교로부터 추천받은 학생 323명을 대상으로 과학영재 선발 시험을 실시한 결과로부터 문항의 곤란도 지수와 변별도 지수 및 오답의 능률도를 평가한 결과, 과학적 사고기능 검사지는 두 종류 모두 대부분의 문항들이 문항의 곤란도 지수와 변별도 지수가 적정 값에서 크게 벗어났으며, 적정 값을 갖는 문항들도 오답의 능률도가 대단히 낮았다. 따라서 한국교육개발원에서 개발한 과학적 사고기능 검사지는 과학 영재교육센터의 선발시험에 응시한 준영재 집단에 적용하여 일정 수의 영재성을 지닌 학생을 선발하는데는 적합하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 또, 본 센터에서 개발한 학력검사 문항은 중학교 1학년 학생들에게는 지나치게 어려운 문항들이 많아서, 일부 문항들은 성적 분포가 양극화 양상을 보였다. 그러나 전체적인 성적은 정규분포를 나타내는 고른 분포를 보였으며, 따라서 학력검사 성적이 선발에 결정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다. 마지막으로 이러한 문항 분석 결과를 토대로 과학영재 선발에 대한 몇 가지의 제언을 하였다.