• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.152-162
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• 1978

The desire to maintain health is increasing, consequently the role of nursing which has as one chief aim the solving of man′s basic problems is more and more important. Today, in spite of a growing concern about the nursing activities which nurses provide for individual human having specific needs, clinically in fact, it is questionable that individual′s expectation of nursing activities agrees with nurse′s performance of nursing activities. In this study the importance and agreement of the importance of the nursing activities during the hospitalized puerperal period as viewed by women in the puerperal period and by nurses caring for them, were assessed. The present study was undertaken in an attempt to furnish the basic data for expediting the progress of research activities in this area and further to be helpful in planning maternity nursing practice. The study population defined and selected was nurses (13) caring for women in the puerperal period and doing duty on obstetric & gynecologic ward at Y. hospital, and the women in puerperal period (39) as sum of 3 women selected by each nurse during the period of May 13th-June 4th 1976. The study data was collected by the direct interview method based on the questionnaire which the investigator made out. The study result was analyzed by percentage, t - test. The findings can be summarized as follows: 1. General characteristics of nurses doing duty on puerperal ward: a. Nurses′average age was 24.8 years old. b. 84.6% had educational background of 4 years of college. c. 69.2% had a religion. d. 53.8% were married. e. 53.8% had clinical experience of 1 year -3 years. f, 61.5% did duty on puerperal ward during 1 year -3 years. g. 46.2% desired to do duty on obstetric ? gynecologic ward. 2. General characteristics of the women who were studied during their puerperal period: a. Women′s average age was 26.4 years old. b. 79.5% had educational background above high school. c. 56.4% had a religion. d. 84.6% had living standard above medium. e. 89.7% had no occupation. f, 53,8% had previous hospitalization experience. g. 56.4% had previous delivery experience. 3. Examining the importance of 39 nursing activities during puerperal period selected by investigator, studied group of women considered that the most important nursing activity was "Record precisely about condition, medical treatment and nursing activity results etc". Nurses considered that the most important nursing activity was "Notice whether having pain and care for that". Both groups considered that the least important nursing activity was "Talk with her about topics such as news, hobbies, other interests". 4. Examining the importance of nursing activities in 4 specific categories, studied group of women considered that the most important nursing activity in physical nursing category was "Be sure of safety measure to prevent accidents, injuries", and nurses considered that the most important nursing activity was "Make her sleep and rest sufficiently". Studied group of women considered that the most important nursing activity in psychological category was "Explain about medical treatment and nursing activity ahead of time so she knows what to expect" , and nurses considered that the most important nursing activity was "Explain about puerperal period so she understands". Studied group of women considered that the most important nursing activity in relation to medical care was "Record precisely about condition, medical treatment and nursing activity results etc.", and nurses considered that the most important nursing activity was "Observing, cleaning and protecting the perineum" Studied group of women considered that the most important nursing activity in nursing category in preparation for discharge was "Instruct about personnel hygiene during puerperal period", and nurses considered that the most important nursing activity was "Instruct self-care to protect the perineum". 5. The analysis of this study showed a significant amount of disagreement computed by subtracting the nurse′s score from the patient′s score. Studied group of women put greater importance on physical nursing category, psychological nursing category, nursing in relation to medical care, than the nurses. These results were statistically significant at 0.01 level.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.113-126
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• 2013

This study was performed to introduce ecological education program as for reporting the current vegetation state within the remaining trees as ecological golf course and to provide basic data. The survey site was S Golf course, which is located in Woonseodong, Incheon city. Its total area was about $3,298,428m^2$, but the relict forest was about $225,143m^2$. Existing landuse, topological structure, the flora, actual vegetation, and plants community structure survey were performed within the relict forest. As result of comparing and analyzing the existing land use, the relict forest was distributed in the forested areas (89.2%) and around the area (10.8%) which had been bare land and SAMMOK earthen ramparts. There were two courses (Ocean and Hanul) with the relict forests. The ocean course was compared of a natural forest, such as Quercus spp. mixed forest, Quercus acutissima forest, Pinus thunbergii forest within the rock fields, and an artificial forest (Ailanthus altissima-Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Robinia pseudoacacia forest) and Quercus acutissima - Elaeagnus umbellata forest. On the Hanul course, Pinus rigida forest and Robinia pseudoacacia forest were the main vegetation, which were artificial forest. It was the contrast aspect of vegetation species in a natural forest, a restoration forest and an artificial forest, which were Q. spp. mixed forest 26~28 species in a natural forest within the vegetation type per investigation area, 3 Pinus thunbergii forest species, and 5~7 artificial forest species on the Hanul course. Based on these vegetation status, the Ocean course was designed into ecological theme spaces named 'Quercus spp.' indigenous forest, 'Pinus thunbergii' restoration forest and ecological story of 'SAMMOK earthen ramparts'. The Hannul course was designed into an artificial forest observation area of 'Robinia pseudoacacia' and 'Pinus rigida' and a fragrance forest area of 'Robinia pseudoacacia'. At the time of the discussion about the introduction of eco-friendly approval system of golf course, it would be estimated that this survey would work as a major material not only raising awareness of the golf course on the ecological environment but also providing programs that can contribute to the community.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2005

Objectives: The present study aimed to provide the fundamental data for guiding establishment of measures among the rural elderly population with physical disabilities. The specific goals of this report are to reveal the prevalence of their disabilities, its tendency according to their increasing age, and to assess the background explanations. Methods: The self-administered questionnaires have been performed 432 persons of rural residents age 40 and greater in Kumsan-Gun and Chongyang-Gun, Chungchongnamdo Province. The questionnaire items included presence or not. of disabilities. specific causes for disabilities, anthropometric measures, and amount of physical activities. Results: The proportion of disabilities was higher in women than men, and the functional degree of their limbs decreased with the increasing age. The proportion of disabling extremities was higher in the lower extremities than in the upper ones. Joint diseases were the most prevalent causes for disabilities of extremities. Concerning the degree of depression, 41.2% of study subjects were normal, 47.5% had mild depression, 6.3% moderate, and 5.1% severe depression, with no statistical difference based on age and sex. The worse are the functional degree of both extremities, the greater the degree of depression the subjects had. The odds ratio for presence of disabilities of extremities was 2.6 times higher in women than in men for sex and for age, 50's were 3.5 times, 60's 4.3 times, 70's 4.9 times than 40's, respectively, with increasing tendency with increasing age. The odds ratio for depression was 1.2 times greater in subjects with disabilities than in normal population with no statistical difference. Conclusions: More efforts are needed to establish elderly specific measures for providing proper public health services centering on maintenance of physical functioning among elderly population.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 2005

Objectives: This survey was intended to provide basic data which can be available as a baseline in the set up of dietary guidelines for assuring community-based self-support of the rural elderly, through investigation of the relationship of the various dietary consumptions with their ADL and IADL. Methods: The study subjects, 439 rural residents(male: 196, female:243) aged over 65 in Kumsan Kun and Chongyang Kun, Chungchongnamdo Province were interviewed, in June of 2004, about their sociodemographic characteristics, daily life styles, the variety of dietary consumption, ADL and IADL with the following major findings: Results: In terms of the scores' distribution to show variety of food consumption among all subjects, 68.3% got 1~3 points, 23.2% 4~6 points, and 8.4% 7~10 points with a decreasing proportion of subjects in higher points. In terms of their functional status, normal-range groups showed 93.2% of ADL and 72.9% of IADL whereas, impaired ADL group 6.8% of ADL and 27.1% of IADL, respectively. Concerning the relation of ADL and IADL with the variety of their consumed food, the greater scores for food variety was associated with the significantly higher proportion of normal ADL group and the lower proportion of impaired ADL group. Multiple logistic regression analysis with ADL and IADL as dependent variables, and food variety scores as explanatory variables, the relative risk of impaired-ADL group was 0.84 in the food variety group of 4~6 points, 0.63 in 7~10 points with no statistical significance. The relative risk of impaired- IADL group was 0.52(p<0.01) in the food variety group of 4~6 points, 0.41(p<0.05) in 7~10 points with statistical significance. Conclusions: These study results suggest that the lower dietary variety, the lower functional capacity of daily living, and the variety of dietary is associated with the functional capacity of daily living in rural elderly.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to summarize results from 11 domestic studies about sick role behavior applied health belief model and to assess the effectiveness of components on behavior change by using meta-analysis. Methods: We collected the existing literatures by using major web search of 'pulmonary tuberculosis patients', 'health belief model', and 'sick role behavior' as key words and by reviewing content of journals. Quantitative meta-analysis was performed by SAS program. Results: Among 66 articles, 11 studies were selected for quantitative meta-analysis. The knowledge level about pulmonary tuberculosis had more effect for only sick role behavior as general characterisitcs(d=0.7870). All the components of health belief model produced significant effects on sick role behavior with the magnitude of effect size from 0.31 to 0.73. The largest effects were benefits on actions of sick role behavior. Conclusions: Overall, these investigation provide very substantial empirical evidence supporting health belief model dimensions as important contributors to the explanation and prediction of sick role behavior among the type of health related behavior in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Strategic intervention including health education, etc. based on health belief model showed clear advantage in improvement of behavioral change.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.223-235
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• 2004

Objectives: This study was to evaluate the actual condition of falls among community-dwelling elderly people and its related factors to prepare for the establishment of comprehensive prevention programs of senior population. Methods: The study subjects included 460 home residents over 65 years in a district of Chungnam Province and interviews were given to all of them, asking about experiences of falls and their related factors. The analysis of study results came to the following conclusions. Results: The rate of falls among total subjects was 35.5%. With the percentage by age and sex, over 70's and female were significantly higher than male(p=0.000) and under 69 (p=0.008). The groups with poor visual acuity and hearing ability had higher rate of falls than the normal groups based on their health status. In terms of place they experienced falls, out-door occurrence accounted for 53.4% of total falls, which was higher 46.6% of in-door. By season when falls are experienced, "winter" showed the greatest rate, and by time of the day, evening had the highest rate. By causes of falls, "Slippery ground"accounted for 30.5% and "Tumbled over" 23.5% of total falls, respectively, showing the major role of environmental causes for falls. For individual factors, "Irritability" and "Carelessness" occupied 11.3%, 10.8% of total falls, respectively. The Odds Ratios for falls in women was 2.19 times higher than in men, and those in 70's are 2.01 times higher than in 60's, and those with abnormal BMI was 3.68 times higher than in normal groups, and those with perceived symptoms was 1.94 times higher than those without. Conclusions: It is suggested that more consideration should be directed toward taking comprehensive and systematic prevention measures ranging from setting-up the injury-protective environments to allowing senior citizens to have competence in ADL activity as well as proper general health conditions, considering the higher rate of falls for elderly persons in a rural part of this country than that of western countries and the greater proportion of falls which can be ascribed to environmental factors.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.233-245
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• 2012

Objectives: Understanding the predictor of immunization status in childhood is critical issue to improve National Immunization Program (NIP). The aims of this study were to verify the status of up-to-date or complete immunization coverage and to investigate its related factors. Methods: As of 2005, according to local residence registry data, there were 2,188 children who aged 12 to 35 months in Nonsan city, Korea. We conducted household survey for aged 12 to 35 months children, using questionnaires to obtain data on the status of immunization such as BCG, DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis), Polio, and MMR (mump, measles, rubella). Finally 1,472 participated in the survey. The operating definitions used in this study were following; "Complete immunization rate" refers to the rate of children who received all immunization within recommended age intervals fully "on-time"; "The 4:3:1 series" means status of receiving the fourth diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (4 DTP), the third Polio (3 Polio), and the first measles-mumps-rubella (1 MMR) doses. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors affecting complete vaccination coverage of children. Results: Immunization rates of vaccine based on the vaccination card were from 92.7% to 96.4% except 4th DTaP (79.3%). Complete immunization rate of Korea NIP was 74.0% and that of the 4:3:1 series was 77.1%. A parent as primary caregiver (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39-0.87 at 19-35 months of children's age) and first-born children (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.05-3.03 at 24-35 months of children's age) were significantly related to complete immunization coverage of Korea NIP. And a parent as primary care giver (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.88 at 19-35 months of children's age) and first-born children (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.21-3.14 at 19-35 months, OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.27-3.91 at 24-35 months of children's age) were significantly related to complete immunization rate of 4:3:1 series. Conclusions: Government should take actions to increase complete immunization rate. In particular, intervention on the secondary caregiver and non-first-born children should be needed.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 2013

Objectives: Pregnant women in rural areas do not have access to sufficient obstetric services in their own communities due to the shortage of obstetricians. Therefore, most of these women must seek obstetrician outside of their communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between obstetric complications and accessibility to local obstetric care in Korea. Methods: This study was an ecological study in which the unit of analysis was an administrative district. Using Korea National Health Insurance Corporation data, the total number of deliveries and the delivery proportion within and outside of the community from 2001 to 2008 were calculated for 232 administrative districts nationwide. Three outflow levels were categorized based on each district's out-of-community delivery proportion: high outflow (upper one third), moderate outflow (middle one third), and low outflow (lower one third). In addition, three obstetric complication rates (the rate of complications following abortion, ectopic and molar pregnancy, the abortion rate, and the eclampsia rate) were calculated for the 232 districts. One-way ANOVA and multivariate linear regression were used to evaluate obstetric complications among the three outflow levels. Results: The high outflow districts had higher rates of eclampsia and complications following abortion, ectopic, and molar pregnancy compared to the other districts (ANOVA, p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the abortion rate among the three groups. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that high outflow districts were statistically significant in the rate of complications following abortion, ectopic and molar pregnancy and eclampsia rate after adjusting for local tax per capita (p<0.01). Conclusion: These results indicate that poor access to local obstetric care correlate with poor obstetric outcomes (delayed or excessive bleeding, embolism, genital tract or pelvic infection, shock or other complications following abortion and ectopic or molar pregnancy, or eclampsia).

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.625-628
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• 2015

POLARBEAR is a ground-based experiment located in the Atacama desert of northern Chile. The experiment is designed to measure the Cosmic Microwave Background B-mode polarization at several arcminute resolution. The CMB B-mode polarization on degree angular scales is a unique signature of primordial gravitational waves from cosmic inflation and B-mode signal on sub-degree scales is induced by the gravitational lensing from large-scale structure. Science observations began in early 2012 with an array of 1.274 polarization sensitive antenna-couple Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers at 150 GHz. We published the first CMB-only measurement of the B-mode polarization on sub-degree scales induced by gravitational lensing in December 2013 followed by the first measurement of the B-mode power spectrum on those scales in March 2014. In this proceedings, we review the physics of CMB B-modes and then describe the Polarbear experiment, observations, and recent results.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the fitness of adjustable dental impression trays on the Chinese and the Japanese. Material and methods: Initial design of the adjustable dental trays was developed from the results of the dental arch size of Korean adults. This design was applied to the CAD-CAM process in order to create tray model samples. Simple silicon-base molds were then replicated based on these sample models. Polyurethane injection into the silicon- base molds completed the process of creating a large number of test products. 60 Chinese dental students (male:30, female:30) from the Shanghai Second Medical University and 60 Japanese alumni from the Kumamoto high school (male:30, female:30) were selected for taking irreversible hydrocolloid impression with these trays. The width and length of the impression body were measured on several measuring points by Vernier caliper. The results were analyzed statistically to evaluate the fitness of the trays. Results: 1. Uniform impression material thickness was achieved on the Chinese and Japanese by controlling the width of the tray using stops and beveled guides. The material thickness was generally within the range of 3 mm to 6 mm. 2. In the maxillary tray of the Chinese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of the incisal teeth was 6.2 mm, the canine was 5.9 mm and the midpalatal part 10.5 mm and the posterior palatal part 9.7 mm. These were relatively large values. 3. In the mandibular tray of the Chinese, average length of the impression material of the lingual vestibule of first, second premolar contact point was 8.9 mm, the incisal teeth was 7.8 mm and thickness of the labial part of canine was 6.8 mm and premolars 7.0 mm. These were relatively large values. 4. In the maxillary tray of the Japanese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of the incisal teeth was 7.4 mm, the canine was 7.7 mm and the midpalatal part 9.1 mm. These were relatively large values. 5. In the mandibular tray of the Japanese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of first, second premolar contact point was 8.4 mm, and thickness of the labial part of canine was 7.4 mm. These were relatively large values. Conclusion: This adjustable dental tray shows good accuracy to Korean because it was designed by the analysis of the dental arch size of Korean adult model. With this result, it can be applied to Chinese and Japanese, we can take more easy and accurate dental impressions.