• Title/Summary/Keyword: saturated fatty acid

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Development and relative validity of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for Korean adults (한국인을 위한 반정량 식품섭취빈도 조사지의 개발 및 타당도 연구)

  • Kim, Sohye;Lee, Jung Sug;Hong, Kyung Hee;Yeom, Hye Sun;Nam, Yeon Seo;Kim, Ju Young;Park, Yoo Kyung
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.51 no.1
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    • pp.103-119
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: This study was implemented to develop and validate the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) to assess energy, carbohydrates, fat, protein, minerals, and vitamins as well as fatty acids and alcohol in Korean adults. Methods: The SQ-FFQ consisted of 88 food items, and 12 food groups were selected based on information of frequently consumed foods from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination survey. Each portion size was categorized as one of three amounts: small (0.5 times), medium (1 time), and large (1.5 times). A total of 111 subjects finished 3-day diet records and the SQ-FFQ. The relative validity of SQ-FFQ was assessed by comparison with the 3-day diet records. Results: The mean nutrient intakes obtained from the SQ-FFQ were estimated to be greater than those of the two 3-day dietary records. Spearman's correlation coefficient between the two methods was the highest for energy (r = 0.583; p < 0.001) and lowest for saturated fatty acid (r = 0.121). Correlation coefficients were energy (r = 0.583; p < 0.001), carbohydrates (r = 0.500; p < 0.001), protein (r = 0.466; p < 0.001), fat (r = 0.411; p < 0.001), dietary fiber (r = 0.467; p < 0.001), alcohol (r = 0.527; p < 0.001), calcium (r = 0.409; p < 0.001), phosphorus (r = 0.499; p < 0.001), potassium (r = 0.418; p < 0.001), magnesium (r = 0.427; p < 0.001), and zinc (r = 0.464; p < 0.001), respectively, for all subjects. Conclusion: The developed SQ-FFQ in this study seems to be useful for estimating nutritional status, particularly energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, dietary fiber, alcohol, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and zinc of Korean adults.

Changes of Lipid Components and Pigments in Apple Peels during the Storage under Sub - atmospheric Pressure (사과의 감압저장중(減壓貯藏中) 과피지질성분(果皮脂質成分)과 색소(色素)의 변화(變化))

  • Kim, Kyung Tae;Sohn, Tae Hwa;Choi, Jong Uck;Choi, Sang Won;Moon, Kwang Deok
    • Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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    • v.5
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    • pp.89-99
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    • 1987
  • The changes of lipid components in apple peels which effects physiological characteristic in apple storage, and pigment which is important base in quality, were investigated in terms of temperature and pressure. The results obtained were as follows ; The contents of total lipid of Ralls which is resistant to cold temperature were higher than those of Fuji. The contents of total lipid of Fuji and Ralls were decreased up to about 60 days and then increased up to the final stage of storage. Especially, the increasing rate at low temperature storage was greater than at normal temperature storage. In the case of Fuji, the contents of neutral lipid of normal temperature were increased up to 90 days, while those of low temperature were decreased up to 60 days and then increased up to 90 days. The contents of glycolipid, in both Fuji and Ralls were decreased up to about 30 days and then increased up to about 60 days and the decreased up to 90 days. The contents of phospholipid in Fuji were decreased during storage, while those in Ralls were appeared very slight changes. The ratios of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acids in neutral lipid of Fuji were decreased during storage, but those of Ralls were increased. Those of glycolipid of Fuji were decreased up to 60 days and then increased up to 90 days, while those in Ralls were increased during storage. In both Fuji and Ralls, those of phospholipid increased during storage and were high in order of sub-atmospheric pressure at $1^{\circ}C$ (SAP-L), normal atmospheric pressure at $1^{\circ}C$ (NAP-L), sub-atmospheric pressure at $20^{\circ}C$ (SAP-N) and normal atmospheric pressure at $20^{\circ}C$(NAP-N) for storage condition. The contents of chlorophyll of Ralls were higher than those of Fuji and the decreasing rate was the lowest in SAP-L. The changes of carotenoid and anthocyanin contents were the greatest increasing at NAP-N and colouring was delayed at SAP-L.

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Comparison of the Physicochemical Properties of Meat and Viscera of Dried Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) Prepared using Different Drying Methods (건조방법에 따른 건조 전복 (Haliotis discus hannai)의 이화학적 특성 비교)

  • Park, Jeong-Wook;Lee, Young-Jae;Park, In-Bae;Shin, Gung-Won;Jo, Yeong-Cheol;Koh, So-Mi;Kang, Seong-Gook;Kim, Jeong-Mok;Kim, Hae-Seop
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.16 no.5
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    • pp.686-698
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    • 2009
  • We sought basic data for product development and storage improvement of abalone. We explored drying methodologies, such as shade drying, cold air drying, and vacuum freeze drying. We also examined various physicochemical features of both meat and viscera. Raw abalone meat had $78.88{\pm}1.01%$ moisture, $9.24{\pm}0.27%$ crude protein, and $10.05{\pm}0.81%$ carbohydrate (all w/w). The moisture level of dried abalone meat was highest after cold air drying, at $18.38{\pm}0.91%$, and lowest after vacuum freeze drying, at $1.05{\pm}0.05%$. The total amino acid content of raw abalone meat was $17,124.05{\pm}493.18\;mg%$, and fell after shade-drying to $12,969.92{\pm}583.65\;mg%$, and to $13,328.78{\pm}653.11\;mg%$ after cold air drying. The total free amino acid content of raw abalone meat was $4,261.99{\pm}106.55\;mg%$, and rose after shade-drying to $6,336.50{\pm}285.15\;mg%$, to $5,072.04{\pm}248.53\;mg%$ after cold air drying, and to $4,638.85{\pm}218.03\;mg%$ after vacuum freeze drying. The fatty acid proportions in raw abalone meat were $47.00{\pm}0.99%$ saturated, $22.18{\pm}1.05%$ monounsaturated, and $30.82{\pm}1.45%$ polyunsaturated. In the viscera, however, the proportions were $36.72{\pm}0.74%$ saturated, $25.44{\pm}1.12%$ monounsaturated, and $37.84{\pm}1.67%$ polyunsaturated. The contents of chondroitin sulfate in raw abalone were $11.95{\pm}0.35%$ in meat and $7.71{\pm}0.19%$ in viscera (both w/w). After shade-drying, the chondroitin sulfate content was $16.57{\pm}0.90%$ in meat and $9.24{\pm}0.50%$ in viscera. The figures after cold air drying were $16.17{\pm}0.79%$ and $12.44{\pm}0.61%$, and those after vacuum freeze drying $25.17{\pm}1.16%$ and $15.22{\pm}0.70%$ (thus including the highest meat content). The level of collagen in raw abalone was $69.80{\pm}3.07\;mg/g$ in meat and $40.62{\pm}1.79\;mg/g$ in viscera. Meat and viscera dried in the shade had $144.05{\pm}7.78\;mg/g$ and $44.16{\pm}2.39\;mg/g$ collagen, respectively, whereas the figures after cold air drying were $133.29{\pm}6.53\;mg/g$ and $69.20{\pm}3.39\;mg/g$, and after vacuum freeze drying $137.51{\pm}6.33\;mg/g$ and $60.61{\pm}2.79\;mg/g$. Volatile basic nitrogen values of raw abalone showed a higher content in viscera, at $19.01{\pm}0.84\;mg%$, compared to meat ($10.10{\pm}0.44\;mg%$). The value for shade-dried abalone meat was $136.77{\pm}7.37\;mg%$ and that of viscera $197.97{\pm}10.69\;mg%$. After cold air drying the meat and visceral values were $27.32{\pm}1.34\;mg%$ and $71.37{\pm}3.50\;mg%$, respectively.

Comparison of Nutrient Intakes Regarding Stages of Change in Dietary Fat Reduction for College Students in Gyeonggi-Do (경기지역 일부 대학생의 지방제한 섭취 행동단계에 따른 영양소 섭취상태 비교)

  • Chung, Eun-Jung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.33 no.8
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    • pp.1327-1336
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    • 2004
  • This study was conducted to compare nutrient intakes regarding stages of change in dietary fat reduction behavior. Subjects were consisted of healthy 383 college students (250 females and 133 males) in Gyeonggi-Do. Stages of change classified by an algorithm based on 6 items were designed each subjects into one of the 5 stages: precontemplation (PC), contemplation (CO), preparation (PR), action (AC), maintenance (MA). Nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-hr recall method. Regarding the 5 stages of changes, PR stage comprised the largest group (31.1%), followed by AC (28.7%), PC (19.3%), CO (13.8%), MA (7.1%). Female were more belong to either AC or MA. Those in PC and PR had the most energy, fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol (except male) and those in AC and MA had the least. These dietary patterns were more distinctive in female than in male. The higher stage of change in dietary fat reduction behavior, the higher self-efficacy. Energy % from fat in PC, CO, PR was too higher than 20%, that of in AC and MA (except male in MA) was within 20%. The average P/S and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio of diet fat for female were similar to the recommended ratio, but the average $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio for male was found to be 10.1~12.9, which was beyond the suggested range, 4~10. In male, energy, fat and protein intakes from dinner were significantly different among stages of change, but in female, besides dinner, those from breakfast, lunch and snack were significantly different among stages of change. These results of our study confirm differences in stages of change in fat intake in terms of nutritional status, especially in female, and indicate the need for taking these phases of changes into account in nutrition advice.

Effects of a Web-Based Nutrition Counseling on Food Intake and Serum Lipids in Hyperlipidemic Patients (웹기반 영양상담이 고지혈증 환자의 식사섭취 및 혈청 지질에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Jong-Suck;Han, Ji-Sook
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.33 no.8
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    • pp.1302-1310
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    • 2004
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a web-based nutrition counseling could lead to beneficial outcomes in food intake and serum lipids of patients with hyperlipidemia. Forty hyperlipidemic patients, twenty of them were hypercholesterolemia and the other twenty were hypertriglyceridemia, participated in a web-based nutrition counseling program. At the first nutrition counseling, the patients were counselled through interview and then follow up nutrition counseling was accomplished four times during eight weeks through a web-based internet program. Various markers of disease risk including anthropometric indices, food intakes and serum lipid levels were measured before and after the web-based nutrition counseling. After nutrition counseling, body mass index significantly decreased in both groups and waist to hip ratio significantly decreased in male hypercholesterolemic patients (p<0.05). Total-cholesterol decreased from 262.2 mg/dL to 234.9 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol decreased from 186.8 mg/dL to 160.5 mg/dL in hypercholesterolemic patients, triglyceride decreased from 288.6 mg/dL to 211.9 mg/dL and total-cholesterol decreased from 217.2 mg/dL to 198.7 mg/dL in hypertriglyceridemic patients after nutrition counseling. Anthropometric value and nutrient intakes were improved after nutrition counseling. Energy, fat and saturated fatty acid intakes decreased significantly in both groups (p<0.05). Therefore, this study shows that the web-based nutrition counseling is effective in improving food habit and influences positively in serum lipid levels of the patients. In addition, these results indicate that internet presents us with potential as a new medium for nutrition counseling in informationized society.

Fermented Crataegi fructus Vinegar Improves Lipid Metabolism in Rats Fed High Fat Diet (산사발효초가 고지방식이를 급여한 흰쥐의 지질대사에 미치는 영향)

  • Chon, Jeong-Woo;Park, Jin-Kyung;Lee, Mi-Ae;Jeong, Mi-Ran;Han, Jong-Hyun;Park, Yoo-Kyoung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.38 no.8
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    • pp.1024-1031
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    • 2009
  • Crataegi fructus has been used as an oriental medicine and a folk remedy for the treatment of scurvy, constipation and stomach ailment. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of fermented Crataegi fructus vinegar (FCV) on the improvement of lipid metabolism in rats fed high fat diet (40% kcal% fat, fat source; beef tallow). Sprague-Dawley rats (n=32) were randomly divided into four groups [normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HD), and high fat diet supplemented with low (CFL; 1.5% wt/wt) and high (CFH; 3.0% wt/wt) doses of fermented Crataegi fructus vinegar] and were fed experimental diets for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the body weight in high fat diet groups was higher than that of normal diet group, while the body weights of CFL and CFH group were significantly reduced by 7.2% and 10.0%, respectively, as compared with that of HD group. Moreover, liver and kidney weights in CFL and CFH group were significantly lower than that of HD group (p<0.05). The levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, atherogenic index and hepatic triglyceride, total cholesterol in CFH group were significantly decreased as compared with HD group whereas it increased the serum level of HDL-C than HD group (p<0.05). CFL and CFH groups showed significantly decreased AST, ALT and ALP of serum as compared with HD group. Excretions of fecal saturated fatty acid in CFH group was significantly increased compared with ND and HD groups. These results imply that fermented Crataegi fructus vinegar can be used as possible food resources and functional food materials.

Lorenzo's Oil Treatment in X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X 염색체 연관 부신백질이영양증에서 Lorenzo Oil의 투여효과)

  • Kim, Hyo Jung;Kim, Eun Young;Woo, Young Jong;Kook, Hoon
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.48 no.11
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    • pp.1232-1238
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    • 2005
  • Purpose : Though more than 15 years have passed after introduction of Lorenzo's oil therapy in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy(ALD), its efficacy is still fully not known. In patients who already have neurologic symptoms, most reports indicate that the neurologic disability continues to increase. We evaluated its efficacy in X-linked ALD patients. Methods : Four patients who were treated with Lorenzo's oil for at least 12 months were enrolled from 1996 to 2003. During treatment, changes of neurologic symptoms, brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) findings, and serum saturated very long-chain fatty acid(C26:0) were assessed. Results : Two patients with childhood cerebral ALD had progression of neurologic symptoms and MRI lesions during treatment. One asymptomatic patient developed childhood cerebral ALD after six year treatment of Lorenzo's oil. One "Addison only" patient remained neurologically intact after three years. During Lorenzo's oil therapy, serum C26:0 levels which had increased at diagnosis decreased in all four patients. Conclusion : Treatment with Lorenzo's oil did not prevent disease progression in childhood cerebral ALD patients who were already symptomatic. Long term follow up will be needed in asymptomatic ALD including "Addison only" to reveal the efficacy of Lorenzo's oil.

Effects of Different Water Depths on Early Growth of Rice and Barnyard grass(Echinochloa crus-galli) (담수심차이가 벼 품종과 피의 초기생육에 미치는 영향)

  • 박성태;장안철;이수관
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.38 no.5
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    • pp.405-412
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    • 1993
  • This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of water depths on seedling stand and early growth of califonia rice varieties, S201, M202, A301, Italico livorno and Korean variety, Hwaseongbyeo, and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) The coleoptile length of rice was longer with deep water depth while for the radicle length shorten. As water depth was increased, the percentage of seedling stand were decreased slightly in rice, while sharply increased in barnyardgrass. Plant height of rice with increasing water depth were longer, whereas that of barnyardgrass reduced significantly with weaker. Tiller number of rice and barnyardgrass were significantly reduced as water depth increased. Dry matter weight and healthy score of rice seedling at 35DAS were highest in 7.5cm water depth followed saturated moisture, 15, and 22.5cm water depth, while for barnyardgrass those were especially negatively affected by deep water depth. These results showed that the seedling stand and early growth of barnyardgrass was highly suppressed by deeper water levels compared with rice. Rice cultivars which are showes growth characteristics in deeper water levels at early growth stage were Italico livorno and S201 in Japonica / Indica.

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Stability of Oil-in-Water Emulsions with Different Saturation Degrees from Beef Tallow Alcoholysis Products (우지 Alcoholysis 반응물을 이용한 Oil-in-Water Emulsion의 포화도에 따른 산화특성 및 안정성 연구)

  • Zhang, Hua;Lee, Young-Hwa;Shin, Jung-Ah;Lee, Ki-Teak;Hong, Soon-Teak
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.42 no.6
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    • pp.933-940
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    • 2013
  • In this study, methyl esters with different saturated fatty acids (SFA) were prepared by urea fractionation to make an oil-in-water emulsion. Emulsion characteristics (emulsion stability and oxidative stability) of the methyl ester emulsion were then studied at different percentages of methyl ester saturation (5, 28, 39, 50, and 72%, termed ${\Sigma}$SFA5, ${\Sigma}$SFA28, ${\Sigma}$SFA39, ${\Sigma}$SFA50, and ${\Sigma}$SFA72, respectively). The stability of emulsions (ES) with different SFA content was 46.0 (${\Sigma}$SFA5), 39.5 (${\Sigma}$SFA28), 32.7 (${\Sigma}$SFA39), 32.6 (${\Sigma}$SFA50), and 27.3 (${\Sigma}$SFA72). Results from Turbiscan showed that creaming or clarification, based on the backscattering intensity, was more pronounced with increases in the saturation degree of the emulsion. These results implied that the emulsions with lower saturation were more stable. During 30 days of storage, the lipid peroxide value increased for all emulsions, with the increase less pronounced with the increasing saturation of the emulsion; 1.880 (${\Sigma}$ SFA5), 1.267 (${\Sigma}$SFA28), 1.062 (${\Sigma}$SFA39), 0.342 (${\Sigma}$SFA50) and 0.153 (${\Sigma}$SFA72) mg $H_2O_2/mL$ emulsion. In addition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were significantly lower in emulsions with high saturation (4.419 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA50 and 4.226 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA72) than emulsions with low saturation (6.229 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA5, 6.801 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA28 and 6.246 mg for ${\Sigma}$SFA39). In conclusion, the emulsions with a higher saturation degree of methyl esters showed lower emulsion stability but better oxidation stability.