• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1005-1015
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• 2021

We investigate the impact of marital status on the levels of satisfaction of online shoppers in the beauty and cosmetics industry in Vietnam. We find a significant difference in satisfaction between married and divorced/separated online shoppers. More specifically, the latter reveals higher level of satisfaction than the former. Extended analyses further show that this finding is only observed for female online shoppers whilst it is insignificant for their male counterparts. Moreover, we find significant differences in determinants of customer satisfaction between three different groups of online shoppers: single, married, and divorced/separated. While married individuals' satisfaction is affected by all factors (Online shopping experience; Seller Services; External Incentives; Security/Privacy), that of their divorced/separated peers are influenced by only seller services and external incentives. Also, single participants are satisfied with their online shopping driven by their online shopping experience and external incentives. Our findings contribute to the stream of customer satisfaction literature, and to the studies in beauty and cosmetics sector as well as online shopping trends in Vietnam. They contain implications for existing online businesses and new or potential market entrants as to which customer demographic factors have significant influences in terms of customer psychology, behaviour and their satisfaction.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.569-581
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• 2019

This study investigated differences in cosmetic buying behavior and personal characteristics between cosmetic involvement groups. Cosmetics buying behavior refers to reason for using cosmetics, use of information sources, selection criteria, place of purchase, use/non-use of cosmetics, purchase propensity, purchase frequency, purchase amount, and satisfaction with cosmetics. Personal characteristic contains pursuing image, age, residence area, job, and average household monthly income. Data was collected from 5-10 December 2016, from 308 females in their 20s using an internet survey. The analysis included descriptive statistics, t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and chi-square tests. The respondents were divided into two groups (a high cosmetic involvement group and a low cosmetic involvement group) according to the degree of cosmetic involvement. The results of t-tests revealed significant differences between groups in terms of reasons for using cosmetics, use of information sources, selection criteria, purchase frequency, place of purchase, use/non-use of cosmetics, and satisfaction with cosmetics. The results of Mann-Whitney U tests highlighted a significant difference in purchase frequency between both groups. The results of chi-square tests indicated significant differences in purchase frequency, purchase amount, pursuing image, and average household monthly income. However, no significant differences were evident in terms of purchase propensity, age, job, and area of residence between groups.

• Korean Journal of Korean Medical Institute of Dermatology and Aesthetics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.98-113
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• 2005

This paper provides comparison and analysis between brand images of Korean herbal cosmetics and general, imported cosmetic brands, focusing on product's symbolic and functional images. The objective is to evaluate brand images of Korean herbal cosmetics to suggest a powerful brand image strategy that will be different and competitive. Data collection was performed on 300 adult women who were over 20 years of age and lived in Seoul or KyongKi area. Analysis was carried out using SPSS version 11.5 and frequency analysis, T-Test and $X^2$ verification was also performed. Analysis results for brand images of Korean herbal cosmetics are as follows. First, satisfaction scale as a purchase feature for users of Korean herbal cosmetics were 'Normal' 51.5%, 'Satisfactory' 35.1%, 'Very Satisfactory' 8.2% and 'Unsatisfactory' 5.2%. Regarding improvements, 'Efficacy, Effect' was the highest with 46%. Second, 'SEOLHWASOO' and 'BAEKOKSENG' among Korean herbal cosmetic brands, 'IOPE' and 'ISA KNOX' among general cosmetic brands and 'LANCOME' and 'CHANEL' among imported cosmetic brands displayed high recognition. Third, the symbolic and functional images of Korean herbal cosmetic brands were seen to be better compared to their general and imported counterparts. Especially, product related features of Korean herbal cosmetic brands received a more positive response compared to imported brands, which suggests that with research and improvement regarding non-product related features, functional images of herbal brands may be appraised ahead of imported brands. Fourth, there is a significant difference in brand preference according to the satisfaction of groups who actually use herbal cosmetics and the purchasing attitudes of groups who do not. Therefore, an active relationship marketing strategy is required to maximize satisfaction and to elicit favorable attitudes. By developing functional native ingredients, constructing data that can prove its efficacy and effects, and appealing its unique, differentiated symbolic value together with Orientalism, herbal medicines will be able to take off to be acknowledged worldwide.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.237-254
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze correlation of perceived cosmetics brand apps attributes and use intentions, mediating role of customer satisfaction, and relationship between customer satisfaction and continuous usage intention. Then provide basic data for development management strategy of beauty industry and enhancement of competitiveness corresponding to smart era. Methods: The questionnaires were surveyed by an online company(EMBRAIN). After data collection, frequency analysis was performed on the general attributes of questionnaire survey using SPSS 22.0, and data conclusions were derived by verifying reliability and validity of data and hypotheses. Results: First, perceived cosmetic brand app attributes have a positive effect on customer satisfaction, Second, perceived cosmetic brand app attributes have a positive effect on continuous usage intention. Third, customer satisfaction was found to have a mediating role in the effect of perceived cosmetic brand app attributes on continuous usage intention. Fourth, involvement proved to control the relationship between perceived cosmetic brand app attributes perceived interactivity and customer satisfaction. Finally, Involvement has proven to control the relationship between cosmetic brand app attributes perceived interactivity and continuous usage intention. Conclusion: Consumers buying products from cosmetics brand apps will be more likely to use cosmetics brand apps if they feel comfortable with calculation process, search, booking confirmation and payment methods.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 2024

This study aimed to assess the satisfaction levels of adolescents with beauty programs, investigate the factors influencing them, and present foundational insights for designing cosmetics and beauty education initiatives tailored to adolescents. Specifically focusing on the "Safety and Use Education for Youth Cosmetics" program implemented in Gwangju Metropolitan City, it examined the satisfaction of participants, including students, instructors, and school teachers involved in the education. The study was based on action research, a qualitative methodology. The conclusions are as follows: First, participants gained knowledge and information encompassing various aspects of cosmetics, such as types, expiration dates and usage span, face wash and skin types, shampooing methods, scalp care, role and significance of sunscreen, skin trouble management, and identification of skin type, through cosmetic education programs. Second, participants learned about techniques such as eyebrow trimming, eyebrow shape correction, facial contour correction, skin blush supplementation, color makeup, personal color, and tattooing. Third, there is an urgent need to develop different educational teaching resources suitable for implementation across elementary, middle, and high schools. Fourth, it is necessary to cultivate higher-quality instructors in this digital age. Fifth, it is crucial to explore new methods of delivering beauty education to adolescents. We hope the insights gleaned from this study will serve as useful foundational data, albeit modest, fostering new beauty trends amidst the challenging landscape of youth education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1772-1783
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• 2007

This study aimed to investigate differences in the purchasing patterns of and the levels of satisfaction with cosmetic products, and the method of disposing dissatisfied cosmetics for female university students among China, Japan and Korea. Survey was conducted with 1,200 female coeducational university students in Beijing, Tokyo and Seoul and 1,115 were used for the data analysis. Data were analysed by frequency analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, chi-square analysis, analysis of variance, Duncan's Multiple Range test. The results showed significant differences in purchasing behaviors in China, Japan and Korea. Japanese students mainly got information through objective sources, while Koreans did so through human network. Regrading the evaluative criteria for basic care items, function and effect were the most important criteria for Chinese and Korean consumers and skin compatibility for Japanese. For color make-up, Chinese, Japanese and Korean respondents respectively cared the most on brand image, convenience of purchase and the current trend. Chinese tended to shop cosmetics at department stores due to store reputation, Japanese preferred supermarkets and pharmacies and Koreans shopped at discount stores for low price. The most influential human sources were friends and colleagues for Chinese and Korean, and models on advertisements and magazines for Japanese. Korean respondents displayed the highest level of satisfaction with cosmetics followed by Japanese and Chinese. As for the methods of disposing dissatisfactory cosmetics, Chinese were the most active in exchanging for other product; Japanese and Korean were not likely to use or throw the products away.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.45-55
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• 2013

Cosmetic products are high value-added ones, and characterized by short life-cycles and income elasticity. Since most cosmetic products are procured through consults with salespersons, it is necessary to have detailed knowledge about basic cosmetics. In this paper, a possible relationship marketing strategy is suggested using the results of examining the effects of relationship marketing factors and relationship quality in cosmetics industry. The findings of this research can be summarized as follows. In order to examine the effects of relationship marketing factors and relationship quality on satisfaction which is a relationship performance, and the willingness to procure it again, this paper executed multiple regression analysis. The typical findings of this paper are as follows. The higher the specialty is, the better the brand image is, the higher customization and trust with customer are, the higher satisfaction and willingness to buy it again get. The analysis of relative influences of sub-factors revealed that trust was the strongest factor. In this paper, by revealing the effects of relationship marketing factors and relationship quality on relationship performance, empirically suggested the results which show the same findings as those of previous researches. This result can be a method to establish systematic education systems in places selling basic cosmetic products and in cosmetics companies.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1056-1068
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the changes and the using condition of functional cosmetics through articles of newspaper and the survey on functional cosmetics. The data analysis examined newspaper articles that demonstrate a grasp of the general trends of cosmetics, and these articles were chosen from the "Cosmetics Newspapers" and the "Jangeop Newspaper" with content primarily emphasizing articles about cosmetics. All articles on functional cosmetics were collected for the period from 2000 to 2005, and excluding repeated articles a total of 703 cases were examined. In addition, a survey was performed to examine how much women are using functional cosmetics and what the current state of their use is. This survey was conducted from October $1{\sim}20$, 2004, and respondents consisted of 350 adult females living in the areas of Daejeon, North and South Chungcheong Provinces and Daegu. Responses from a total of 302 individuals were included in the data analysis. The results of this study show a situation where the current use of functional cosmetics is gradually increasing, and because of external changes in the skin resulting from the development of modern society, functional cosmetics are being used by women as a means of increasing their opportunities for personal expression due to their skin improvement effects as well as increased confidence and a sense of satisfaction.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.66-76
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine the proximity of clothing to self and proximity of cosmetic to self by Degree of Cosmetics. The scales used in this study include the arranged on the basis of Sontag (1978) 's study for proximity of clothing to self, and the scale developed by the researcher for proximity of cosmetic to self. The subjects of this study were 885 adult women in Taegu. The data collected were analyzed by using MANOVA, ANOVA, and the Cronbach a was also applied. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The persons with high degree of cosmetics showed high degrees of joy of change, self-value expression, novelty, self-consciousness and consciousness to others in the sub-factors of proximity of clothing to self, while there was not significant difference in physical satisfaction. 2. The persons with high degree of cosmetics showed high degrees of social confidence, skin care, joy of change, self-satisfaction, instrument of disguise in the sub-factors of proximity of cosmetic to self.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.640-652
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• 2009

The purposes of this study were to provide information on customers for cosmetic companies to develop goods and promotion strategy by examining facial images of university women and their recognition level about cosmetics brand personality. The results were as follows; First, satisfaction level of university women with their lips and eyes was very high, while lowest in skins. Second, factors of brand personality of three kinds of foreign cosmetics brands and three kinds of domestic brands were sincerity, beauty, renovation, reliability and ruggedness. In beauty, reliability and ruggedness, they preferred foreign brands to domestic ones, while they preferred domestic ones in sincerity and renovation. Third, the satisfaction level with face had a statistically significant relationship to the importance of face and cosmetic brands, while the importance of face had to the beauty of the brand. In the interrelationship among facial images and the factors of brand personality, they had significant interrelationships, provided beauty and ruggedness, and reliability and ruggedness had no significant interrelationship.