• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 1983

To determine harvesting time of ginseng, the changes of saponin contents and PT/PD ratios of triol saponin vs. diol saponin in relation to root age of Panax ginseng. Total saponin contents were increased in relation to root age, 5-years was higher than 6-years for saponin contents. Therefore, it considered that can be obtained the desired results to harvest at 5-years. Also, PT/PD ratios were increased in relation to root age, 6-years was highest. Considering PT/PD ratios in relation with pharmaceutical action, it must be harvested at 6-years.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

Codonopsis lanceolata (Campanulaceae) has been used in traditional medicines, as its roots contain several kinds of 3,28-bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponin with high medicinal values. In this study, we induced hairy root-derived transgenic plants of C. lanceolata and analyzed triterpenoid saponins from the leaf, stem and root. Transgenic plants were regenerated from the hairy roots via somatic embryogenesis. The saponins are lancemaside A, B and E, foetidissimoside A, and aster saponin Hb. Transgenic plants contained richer triterpenoids saponin than wild-type plants. Major saponin lancemaside A was the most abundant saponin in the stem from transgenic-plant, $4.76mg{\cdot}1^{-1}dry$ stem. These results suggest that transgenic plants of C. lanceolata could be used as medicinal materials for the production of triterpene saponins.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.142-146
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• 1977

For the purpose of utilizing the saponins of the ground part of Panax ginseng, the studies on saponins isolated from the leaves, stems, and flowers of ginseng were Performed. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The crude saponin contents of ginseng loaves, stems, and flowers 12.8%, 1.6% and 6.9% respectively. 2. Infra-red spectrum of ginseng leaf saponin was identical with that of ginseng root.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 1995

In the proximate composition of the yams of home product, wild yam was most abundant in crude lipid and crude protein, and those content in the cultivated yams, cultivated long yam and cultivated short yam were similar. Cultivated long yam is the richest in crude ash. African yam had more crude lipid and crude protein compare to those of home product yams. Especially, the amount of crude lipid in African yam was four-fold of home product yams. In the mineral content, Ca was the richest mineral in four kinds of yam. The rest of mineral were in order of Fe, Mn and Zn. Among the home product yams, the Ca content of wild yam was higher than that of cultivated yam. The contents of Fe, Mn and Zn were also high in wild yam compared to cultivated yam. In the composition of free sugars, the sucrose content is the highest in wild yam, cultivated short yam and African yam. in order The fructose content was the most abundant in cultivated long yam and the next was sucrose. The composition of free fatty acids were in order of lactobacillic acid, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid. Crude saponin contents of the home products were almost similar levle, but crude saponin of wild yam was more abundant than that of cultivated yam. And crude saponin of African yam was much more abundant compared that of other home product yams. there is not much difference in the kinds of saponin from the home product yams. However, the amount of each saponin from the home product yams was different. In case of African yam, 'b' saponin did not appear and 'e' saponin was higher compared with home product yams. In African yam, the bitter taste from ethyl acetate layer was the strongest, and the next was n-butanol layer. It is possible that there was a powerful UV absorption material in the bitter taste of ethyl acetate layer and also supposed that there were saponin and phenol is material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.568-571
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Platycodi radix Saponin(PRS) on the reduction of lipid status in rats fed on high fat diet for 6 weeks after which lipid contents were measured in serum , liver and feces. The results obtained from this study are as follows : That the levels of total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum and liver were significantly lower in the PRS group as compared with the control group. The contents of total lipid and total cholesterol excreted in the feces were tended to be slightly increase in PRS group compared to the control group, which were not significant.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.345-350
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• 1989

Saprophagous fungi which were isolated from ginseng products were investigated the change of mycellial weight, saponin pattern and saponin contents according to culture periods at different of saponin concentration. Aspergillus sp. showed the greatest mycellial weight in 9 days at 0.3% saponin concentration as well as Penicillium specise A and B. Mycellial weight of all Saprophagous fungi was decresed than control group at 1.0% concentration of crude saponin. Saponin pattern were changed in 6th days of culture by Aspergillus sp. at 0.3% and deteriorated diol ginsenoside respectively. The amount of diol saponins was decreased all the duration of culture by Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. B. whereas Pencillium sp. A was not any change. The amont of saponin in the fresh ginseng and white ginseng medium was decreased gradually according to culture periods by the saprophagous fungi.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.286-295
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• 2012

This study was carried out to assess the variation of saponin contents in 293 Korean native soybean landraces reintroduced from USA to Korea in 2007. Group A saponin content ranged from 149.8 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ to 1279.0 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ with an average of 484.9 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. Group B saponin content ranged from 2160.1 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ to 7868.6 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ with an average of 3670.0 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. Total saponin content including both group A and B contents ranged from 2502.8 to 8764.0 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ with an average of 4154.9 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. Five promising landraces for use as breeding materials that showed higher than any other landraces in group B and total saponin content were IT226841, IT226761, IT226841, IT226828 and IT228534. IT226841 showed the highest saponin content with group B content of 7868.5 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ and total saponin content of 8764.0 ${\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ among landraces. In the relationship among each components, group A saponin content showed a positive correlation with group B saponin content (r=0.3708) and total saponin content (r=0.5119). Group B saponin content showed a very high positive correlation (r=0.9876) with total saponin content. When landraces were compared for the total saponin content based on collected location, landraces from North Korea showed the highest, Gyeonggi-do showed second highest content, followed by Chungcheongbuk-do, Gangwon-do, Gyongsangbuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Gyongsangnam-do, Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do. Landraces were also grouped according to seed size and seed coat color. Small seed group was higher than medium and large seed groups that showed no significant difference in total saponin content. Seed coat colors showed no significant difference in total saponin content.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.274-283
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• 1998

It has generally been accepted that quality of ginseng should be determined not by the content of a single component but by composition and balance of total active principles. However, there still can be an exception with a product in which a given ginsenoside is used for the treatment of a specific disease. Although ginsenosides have been regarded to be major active components of ginseng and employed as index components for the quality control, it does not consistent with the traditional concept on ginseng quality creterion; main root has been more highly appreciated than the lateral or fine root. Content of ginsenosides in the lateral or fine root is much higher than that in main root. However, the ratio of protopanaxadiol (PD) and protopanaxatriol (PT) saponins existing in various part of ginseng root is greatly different. The ratio of PD/PT saponins in main root is well balanced but the thinner the root is the higher the ratio. Thus far, a total of 34 different kinds of ginsenosides have been isolated from Korean (red) ginseng, and their pharmacological activities were elucidated partly. Interestingly, different ginsenoside shows similar or contrary effects to each other in biological systems, thus indicating the significance of absolute content of single ginsenoside as well as compositional patterns of each ginsenoside. Therefore, pharmacological activities of ginseng should be determined as a wholly concept. In these regards, standardization of ginseng material (fresh ginseng root) should be preceded to the standardization of ginseng products because ginsenoside content and non-saponin active principles such as polysaccharides and nitrogen (N)-containing compound including proteins are significantly different from part to part of the root. In other words, the main root contains less ginsenosides than other lateral or fine roots. Contents of polysaccharides and N-containing compound in main root is higher. However, the quality control of ginseng products focused on non-saponin compounds has limitation in applying to the analytical method, because of the difficult chemical analysis of these compounds. Content of ginsenosides, and ratios of PD/PT and ginsenoside Rb,/Rg, are inversely proportional to the diameter of ginseng root. Therefore, these can be served as the chemical parameters for the indirect method of evaluating from what part of the root does the material originate. Furthermore, contents of polysaccharides and N-containing compounds show inverse relationship to saponin content. Therefore, it seems that index for analytical chemistry of saponin can be applied to the indirect method of evaluating not only saponin but also non-saponin compounds of ginseng. From these viewpoints, it is strongly recommended that quality of ginseng or ginseng products be judged not only by the absolute content of given ginsenoside but also by varieties and compositional balance of ginsenosides, including contents of non-saponin active principles.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.178-182
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• 1989

Red ginseng products manufactured by the Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Corporation were analyzed to determine the crude saponin , total saponin and ginsenoside contentents by gravimetry, spertrometry and HPLC, respectively, to see if effective quality control of the components in the products can be achieved. Medicinal powders, powders, tablets and capsules which were made from ginseng powder showed similarity in saponin content, the ratio of PD to PT saponin, and the ginsenoside content and composition, while extract powder, extract, extract tea, extract pills and tea, which were made of ginseng extract, showed difference in saponin content, ratio of PD to PT saponin, and the content and composition of ginsengside. It is, accordingly, believed that ginseng products which are uniform in contents and saponin composition can be produced by carrying out strict quality control throughout the processes of making raw red ginseng into final products.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.27-34
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• 1996

The phagocytosis and chemotaxis of murine macrophages after treated with saponin fractions are investigated. Phagocytic appearance against yeast was photographed by dying with Wright-Giemsa. Phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophage was invreased in diol saponin treatment by 48% and was decreased in total saponin treatment by 35%. The ingestion of alveolar macrophage was increased by 50% maximally. Peritoneal chemotactic activity was shown in 17% increases and only diol saponin had effect in alveolar macrophage by 16%. According to SDS-PAGE method the contents of actin did not show any alterations.